Term
| Provide motor and sensory innervation for the head and neck including innervation of voluntary and involuntary muscles and both general and special sensation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerves innervating muscles of the head derived from somites |
|
Definition
| General Somatic Efferents (Somatic Motor) |
|
|
Term
| Nerves innervating muscles derived from the branchial (pharyngeal arches) |
|
Definition
| Special Visceral Efferents (Branchial Motor) |
|
|
Term
| Nerves innervating the viscera, including glands and all smooth muscle. |
|
Definition
| General Visceral Efferents (Visceral Motor) |
|
|
Term
| Nerves related to the "special" senses of vision, hearing, and equilibrium. |
|
Definition
| Special Somatic Afferents (Special Sensory) |
|
|
Term
| Nerves which carry general sensation from skin, muscles, joints, mucosa of structures in the head and neck. |
|
Definition
| General Somatic Afferents (General Sensory) |
|
|
Term
| Nerves which carry sensation from viscera |
|
Definition
| General Visceral Afferents (Visceral Sensory) |
|
|
Term
| Nerves which carry sensation from the special senses of taste and smell. |
|
Definition
| Special Visceral Afferents (Special Sensory) |
|
|
Term
| Upper motor neurons that provide cortical innervation for motor nuclei of cranial nervs V, VII, X, XI, and XII |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| These fibers innervate muscles of the face and head (except UMN are located near the lateral fissure of the brain and their axons converge in the corona radiata to form the corticobulbar tract) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| These axons descend within the genu of the internal capsule to the medial part of the cerebral peduncle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The upper motor neuron axons travel with the corticospinal tract, then synapse on lower motor neurons of the cranial nerve nuclei which are located in the midbrain, pons, and medulla. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Axons that project contralaterally cross at the level of the nuclei. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Provides motor to all of the intrinsic and most of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue (genioglossus, hypoglossus, styloglossus and geniohyoid) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of innervation does the hypoglossal nerve receive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the cell bodies of origin located for the Hypoglossal nerve? |
|
Definition
| In the hypoglossal nucleus from the rostral to caudal medulla just beneath the floor of the 4th ventricle and forms an elevation called the Hypoglossal Trigone. Located medial to the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve roughly coextensive with the olive. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the lower motor neurons for the Hypoglossal Nerve? |
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Definition
| The axons pass ventrally on the ipsilateral side along the lateral side of the medial lemniscus. Emerge ont he ventral surface of the brainstem between the olive and pyramid as a number of rootlets. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the upper motor neurons for the Hypoglossal Nerve? |
|
Definition
| Most corticobulbar fibers project bilaterally from the primary motor cortex to innervate the hypoglossal nuclei. These fibers run with corticospinal fibers and provide conscious control of muscles of the tongue. |
|
|
Term
| What is the 1 exception for the UMN of the hypoglossal nerve. |
|
Definition
| Cortical neurons that drive genioglossus muscle project ONLY contralaterally |
|
|
Term
| What occurs if you have a LMNL in the hypoglossus at below the level of the nucleus. |
|
Definition
| Flaccid paralysis of the tongue with fasciculations and atrophy of the tongue muscles on affected side (over time). Upon protrusion of the tongue, the tongue will deviate toward the side of weakness with is the SAME side as the lesion |
|
|
Term
| What occurs if you have a LMNL at the level of the nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve. |
|
Definition
| Usually results in bilateral loss of innervation to tongue muscles due to close proximity of the nuclei within the brainstem. It is rare to affect only 1 nucleus and not the other because they are so close at the midline. |
|
|
Term
| What occurs if you have an UMNL of the hypoglossal nerve? (Motor cortex and below to the level of the nucleus) |
|
Definition
| Minimal atrophy and no fasciculations of tongue muscles. Upon protrusion of the tongue, the tongue deviates toward the side of weakness, which is the side OPPOSITE the lesion (due to contralateral innervation of the genioglossus) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the accessory nerve exit? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscles does the accessory nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of innervation does the accessory nerve receive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the cell bodies of origin for the accessory nerve? |
|
Definition
| Upper 5 cervical segments of spinal cord - Accessory Nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Does the SCM turn the head toward the same or opposite side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the LMN of the accessory nerve? |
|
Definition
| Axons emerge from the lateral white matter of the spinal cord as a series of rootlets to form the accessory nerve, which enters the cranium thru the foramen magnum. |
|
|
Term
| What muscle elevates the UE and shrugs the shoulders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the UMN for the accessory nerve? |
|
Definition
| Corticobulbar fibers from the contralateral (traps) and ipsilateral (SCM) motor cortex traveling with the corticospinal pathway. Provide conscious control of SCM and upper traps |
|
|
Term
| With UMN, are traps under ipsilateral or contralateral control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What presents if you have a LMNL of the accessory nerve? |
|
Definition
| Nucleus and below will result in weakness of the SCM and upper trapezius muscle ipsilaterally. Patients have inability to shrug shoulder, weakness with upward rotation of scapula, weakness rotating head to opposite side. |
|
|
Term
| What presents if you have a UMNL of the accessory nerve? |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral SCM weakness (patients head turned toward site of lesion) and contralateral upper traps weakness |
|
|
Term
| If you have weakness in the SCM, is this an Upper or Lower motor neuron lesion? |
|
Definition
| This is not enough information to tell |
|
|
Term
| With UMN, is SCM under ipsilateral or contralateral control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you have weakness in the SCM and traps on the same side, is this an upper or lower motor neuron lesion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you have weakness in the right SCM and left traps (so on opposite sides), is this an upper or lower motor neuron lesion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patient presents with their head tilted down to the right (so face up to the left) with a droopy left shoulder. Is this an upper or lower motor neuron lesion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve runs from the brain stem to the splenic flexure of the colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 ganglia that are situated on the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| Superior and Inferior Vagal Ganglia |
|
|
Term
| What provides innervation to the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| SVE (Branchial Motor), GVE (Visceral Motor), GVA (Visceral Sensory), and GSA (General Sensory) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Branchial Motor (SVE) portion of the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| Provides motor to most of the striated muscles of the larynx and pharynx (except stylopharyngeus (IX) and tensor veli palatini (V3)) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the cell bodies or origin for the branchial motor portion of the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| Nucleus Ambiguus - in medulla - just dorsal to the inferior olive |
|
|
Term
| Where are the LMN located for the branchial motor portion of the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| Exits the medulla of the brainstem dorsal to the olive as 8-10 rootlets caudal to CNIX. Converge as the vagus nerve and exit the cranium via the jugular foramen. Travels inferiorly int he neck within the carotid sheath to give branches (pharyngeal, superior laryngeal, and recurrent laryngeal) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the upper motor neurons located for the branchial motor portion of the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| Corticobulbar fibers from the premotor and motor cortex descend through the internal capsule to synapse on motor neurons in the nucleus ambiguus bilaterally |
|
|
Term
| What would occur if you had a LMNL in the branchial motor portion of the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| Nucleus Ambiguus or vagus n - hoarseness (unilateral loss of function of intrinsic muscles of larynx) and difficulty swallowing due to inability to elevate the soft palate adequately. Performed by observing the post. pharynx at rest and during phonation. Unilateral lesion of CNX causes deviation of the uvula and soft palate to the unaffected side due to unopposed action of the paryngeal constrictors |
|
|
Term
| What would present if you had an UMNL of the branchial motor portion of the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| Minimal symptoms due to bilateral corticobulbar innervation of the nucleus ambiguus |
|
|
Term
| What would present if you had an UMNL of the branchial motor portion of the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| Minimal symptoms due to bilateral corticobulbar innervation of the nucleus ambiguus |
|
|
Term
| This component of the vagus nerve is the motor arm of the gag reflex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the GVE (Visceral Motor) portion of the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| Preganglionic Parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic and abdominal viscera. Stimulation results in decreased HR, bronchoconstriction, and increased peristalsis. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the CBOs located for the visceral motor portion of the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve and medial portion of the nucleus ambiguus. These are preganglionic parasympatheic neurons. Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus lcoated in the floor of the 4th ventricle lateral to hypoglossal nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the LMN for the visceral motor portion of the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| Preganglionic axons emerge from the lateral surface of the medulla and travel in the vagus nerve. Supply parasympathetic innervation from pharynx/larynx as far as left colic flexure. |
|
|
Term
| Goes to the smooth muscle and glands of pharynx, larynx, and thoracic and abdominal viscera. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the GVA (Visceral Sensory) of the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| Receives information regarding general sensation (stretch, pressure, etc.) from viscera above the left colic flexure (pharynx, larynx, bronchi, lungs, heart, stomach, small intestine, and part of colon). Not assoc with conscious level of awareness other than "feeling good/bad" - unlike visceral pain carried in SNS. Also receives information from baroreceptors (stretch- monitors BP) in the aortic arch and chemoreceptors (monitor O2 tension in blood) in the aortic body. |
|
|
Term
| Area of the brainstem where you have a circular region of axons with nucleus in the center for synapses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the 1st order neurons for the visceral sensory portion of the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| Converge in plexuses surrounding target organs in the abdomen and thorax and ascend in the thorax as the right and left vagus nerves. Cell bodies are located in the inferior vagal ganglion (swelling of vagus nerve just external to jugular foramen). Processes of these nerves enter the medulla and descend in the tractus solitarius to enter the caudal portion of nucleus of the solitary tract. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the 2nd order neurons located for the visceral sensory portion of the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| Nucleus of solitary tract in medulla. Neurons from the nucleus solitarius synapse on 3rd order neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, reticular formation and hypothalamus for reflexive control of cardiovascular, respiratory and GI functions. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function for the GSA (General Sensory) portion of the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| General sensation (touch, pain, temp) from skin of external ear, external auditory canal, external surface of tympanic membrane, larynx, pharynx, and meninges of posterior cranial fossa |
|
|
Term
| Where are the 1st order neurons of the general sensory portion of the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| They travel with the branches of the vagal nerve, and cell bodies are located in the superior vagal ganglion (within the jugular foramen). Processes enter the medulla and descend in the spinal trigeminal tract to synapse in the spinal nucleus of V |
|
|
Term
| Where are the 2nd order neurons located in the general sensory portion of the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| In the spinal nucleus of V and project their axons via the ventral trigeminothalamic tract to the contralateral VP of thalamus |
|
|
Term
| Where are the 3rd order neurons located in the general sensory portion of the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| 3rd order thalamic neurons project through the internal capsule to sensory cortex of the cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| A huge sensory relay nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This cranial nerve emerges from the medulla as most rostral of a series of rootlets that emerge between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit the cranial fossa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 ganglia called that are situated on the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Superior and Inferior Glossopharyngeal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Where all does the glossopharyngeal nerve receive innervation from? |
|
Definition
| SVE (Branchial Motor), GVE (Visceral Motor), GVA (Visceral Sensory), GSA (General Sensory), and SVA (Special Sensory) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the branchial motor component of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Motor to the stylopharyngeus muscle to elevate the pharynx during swallowing and speech. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the CBOs for the branchial motor portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Nucleus Ambiguus - (it contains motor neurons) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the LMN in the branchial portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Exits medulla as 3-4 rootlets in the groove between the olive and cerebellar peduncle just rostral to CNX. Rootlets converge as the glossopharyngeal nerve and exit thru the jugular foramen. Gives off muscular branch deep to the styloid process to innervate the ipsilateral stylopharyngeus muscle. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the UMN for the branchial motor portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Located in the primary motor cortex and send axons through the internal capsule and base of peduncles to synapse bilaterally on LMN in the rostral portion of nucleus ambiguus |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the visceral motor portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland. Activation leads to increased secretion from the parotid gland. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the CBOs for the visceral motor portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are located in the inferior salivatory nucleus. Influence by the hypothalamus (via dorsal longitudinal fasciculus) and olfactory system. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the UMN for the visceral motor portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Axons from the CBOs join other components of CNIX and travel to inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion in the jugular foramen. Here, they separate from CNIX and travel thru the tympanic cavity. Emerge from the tympanic plexus as the lesser petrosal nerve and exit the cranial cavity to synapse in the otic ganglion |
|
|
Term
| Where is the LMN of the visceral motor portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are located in the otic ganglion and send axons with the auriculotemporal nerve (V3) to eventually supply secretomotor innervation to parotid gland |
|
|
Term
| Helps regulate blood gases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the visceral sensory portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Receive information from chemoreceptors in the carotid body to monitor O2 and CO2 tension in circulating blood and from baroreceptors (stretch receptors) in the carotid sinus - monito arterial BP |
|
|
Term
| Where are the 1st order neurons for the visceral sensory portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| GVA fibers fromt arget regions convey information to cell bodies located in the inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion. From here, central processes enter the medulla and tractus solitarious to synapse in the solitary nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Where are the 2nd order neurons for the visceral sensory portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Processes project to reticular formation, hypothalamus and dorsal motor nucleus of X for appropriate reflex responses (DMNX - decrease HR and BP) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the CBOs for the visceral sensory portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion and solitary nucleus of medulla |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the general sensory portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Cutaneous sensation to skin posterior to ear and inner surface of tympanic membrane. Also recieves information regarding general sensation from the posterior 1/3 of tongue to entrance to the pharynx |
|
|
Term
| Where are the 1st order neurons for the general sensory portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| GSA fibers from target regions convey information to cell bodies located int he inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion. From here, central processes enter the medulla and descend within the spinal trigeminal tract to synapse in the middle third of the nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Where are the 2nd order neurons in the general sensory portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Cross midline in the medulla and ascend to contralateral VP nucleus of thalamus |
|
|
Term
| Where are the 3rd order neurons of the general sensory portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Project to the post-central sensory gyrus |
|
|
Term
| The sensory arm of the gag reflex |
|
Definition
| General sensory of glossopharyngeal nerve |
|
|
Term
| Where are the CBOs of the general sensory portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Inferior glossopharyngeal ganglia and spinal nucleus of V |
|
|
Term
| If you had a lesion of CNIX what would you see? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the special sensory division of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| Where are the 1st order neurons for the special sensory portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| SVA fibers from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue convey information to cell bodies located in the inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion. Central processes pass thru jugular foramen, enter medulla and ascend in tractus solitarius to synapse in the rostral nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Where are the 2nd order neurons for the special sensory portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Cell bodies in the rostral nucleus solitarius (gustatory). Axons ascend int he central tegmental tract of brainstem to reach the ipsilateral VP nucleus of the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| Where are the 3rd order neurons of the special sensory portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Ascend from the thalamus thru the posterior limb of the internal capsule to reach primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus |
|
|
Term
| Where are the CBOs for the special sensory portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion and rostral part of nucleus solitarius - this part of the nucleus is termed the gustatory nucleus |
|
|
Term
| From Medial to Latera, name the motor to sensory nuclei of the cranial nerves. |
|
Definition
| GSE, SVE, GVE, GVA/SVA, GSA, and SSA |
|
|
Term
| Name the nucleus for the olfactory nerve. |
|
Definition
| Neurosensory cells of the olfactory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Name the nucleus for the optic nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the nucleus for the oculomotor nerve. |
|
Definition
| Oculomotor and Edinger-Westphal |
|
|
Term
| Name the nucleus for the trigeminal nerve. |
|
Definition
| Trigeminal (Spinal, Mesencephalic, Principal Sensory) and Motor Nucleus of V |
|
|
Term
| Name the nucleus for the abducens nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the nucleus for the facial nerve. |
|
Definition
| Spinal Trigeminal, Solitarius, Superior Salivatory, Facial |
|
|
Term
| Name the nucleus for the vestibulocochlear nerve. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the nucleus for the Glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Spinal Trigeminal, Solitarius, Ambiguus, Inferior Salivatory |
|
|
Term
| Name the nucleus for the Vagus nerve. |
|
Definition
| Spinal Trigeminal, Solitarius, Ambiguus, Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus |
|
|
Term
| Name the nucleus for the hypoglossal nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the nucleus for the accessory nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the neurosensory cells of the olfactory epithelium for the olfactory nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the ganglon cells of the retina for the optic nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the oculomotor nuclei in the oculomotor nerve? |
|
Definition
| Motor to levator palpebrae superioris and all extraocular eye muscles except sup. oblique, and lateral rectus |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the oculomotor nerve? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic supply to ciliary muscle, constrictor pupillae |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Spinal, Mesencephalic, and Principal sensory trigeminal nuclei for the trigeminal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Sensory from surface of head and neck, sinuses, meninges, and tympanic membrane (external surface) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of motor nucleus of V for the trigeminal nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the abducens nuclei of the abducens nerve? |
|
Definition
| Motor to lateral rectus muscle |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
| General sensation from part of the external ear, external surface of tympanic membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Solitarius nucleus of the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
| Taste for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Superior Salivatory nucleus of the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic supply to lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual glands |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the facial nucleus for the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
| Motor to muscles of facial expression |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the vestibular nucleus of the vestibulocochlear nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the cochlear nucleus of the vestibulocochlear nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| General sensation from posterior 1/3 of tongue and internal surface of the tympanic membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the solitarius nucleus of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Visceral sensory from the carotid body and sinus. Taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the ambiguus nucleus of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Motor to stylopharyngeus muscle |
|
|
Term
| What is the funcon of the inferior salivatory nucleus of the glossopharyngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic to parotid gland |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| General sensation from part of external ear |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the solitarius nucleus of the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| Visceral sensory from pharynx, larynx, viscera, and aorta |
|
|
Term
| What is the ambiguus nucleus of the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
| Motor to muscles of the pharynx and larynx |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic supply to thoracic and abdominal viscera |
|
|
Term
| Wat is the function of the accessory nucleus of the accessory nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the hypoglossal nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Motor to intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue (except palatoglossus) |
|
|
Term
| Name the innervations for the facial nerve. |
|
Definition
| SVE (Branchial Motor), GVE (Visceral Motor), GSA (General Sensory), SVA (Special Sensory) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the branchial motor portion of the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
| motor to muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, and posterior belly of the digastric |
|
|
Term
| Where are the CBOs of the branchial motor portion of the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
| LMN are located in the motor nucleus of CNVII in the pontine tegmentum |
|
|
Term
| Fibers ascend dorsomedially toward the floor of the 4th ventricle, hook around abducens nucleus (internal genu of CNVII) and exit from the brainstem on its ventral surface near the caudal border of the pons, at the cerebellopontine angle. Exits the cranial cavity via the internal auditory meatus, travels thru the facial canal, and exits via the stylomastoid foramen |
|
Definition
| Branchial Motor portion of the Facial Nerve |
|
|
Term
| Where are the UMN for the branchial motor portion of the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
| Corticobulbar fibers from the motor cortex project bilaterally to muscles of the forehead and contralaterally to muscles of the lower face |
|
|
Term
| What would present with a patient with an UMNL in the branchial motor portion of the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
| Involves corticobulbar fibers to facial nucleus - loss of voluntary control of lower muscles of facial expression contralateral to lesion; muscles of the forehead remain intact due to bilateral innervation by the corticobulbar fibers |
|
|
Term
| What would a LMNL look like in the branchial motor portion of the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
| Facial nucleus or nerve - loss of voluntary control of all muscles of facial expression (upper and lower) ipsilateral to lesion. Most common is injury to nerve - Bell's Palsy |
|
|
Term
| This is the component to the motor arm of the corneal reflex. Motor to orbicularis oculi muscle, touch cornea with cotton and the patient blinks, sensory arm is CNV |
|
Definition
| Branchial motor portion of the facial nerve |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the visceral motor portion of the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic innervation of lacrimal gland, submandibular and sublingual glands |
|
|
Term
| Where are the CBOs of the visceral motor portion of the facial nerve? |
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Definition
| Superior salivatory nucleus - these are preganglionic parasympathetic neurons. They are influenced primarily by the hypothalamus via the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus |
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Term
| Efferent fibers travels in nervus intermedius - smaller component of the facial nerve and divide into 2 nerves at the genticulate ganglion: Greater Petrosal and Chorda Tympani |
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Definition
| Visceral Motor portion of Facial Nerve |
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Term
| Fibers synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel with fibers of other CNs to supply the lacrimal and nasal glands |
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Definition
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Term
| Fibers travel and join the lingual nerve and synapse in the submandibular ganglion. Postglanglionic parasympathetics are sent to the submandibular and sublingual glands |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the general sensory portion of the facial nerve? |
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Definition
| General sensation (touch, pain, temp, etc) from external auditory meatus and skin posterior to ear. Fibers from these regions join the branchial motor axons at hte stylomastoid foramen and travel centrally |
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Term
| Where are the CBOs of the general sensory portion of the facial nerve? |
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Definition
| 1st order neurons are located in the genticulate ganglion, send processes to the spinal nucleus of V. 2nd order axons are projected to the contralateral VP nucleus of the thalamus and 3rd order projections to the sensory cortex |
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Term
| What is the function of the special sensory portion of the facial nerve? |
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Definition
| Tast from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue |
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Term
| Where are the CBOs of the special sensory portion of the facial nerve? |
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Definition
| Sensory fibers from the taste buds travel with chorda tympani to their 1st order cell bodies located int he geniculate ganglion and synapse in the rostral part of hte solitary nucleus (gustatory nucleus) |
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Term
| What are the 3 major division of the Trigeminal nerve? |
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Definition
| Ophthalamic, Maxillary, and Mandibular |
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Term
| What is the trigeminal nerve innervated by? |
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Definition
| SVE (Branchial Motor) and GSA (General Sensory) |
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Term
| What is the function of the branchial motor portion of the trigeminal nerve? |
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Definition
| Motor to muscles of mastication, tensor tympani, tensor (velli) palatini, mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric |
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Term
| Where are the CBOs of the branchial motor portion of the trigeminal nerve? |
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Definition
| Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve in pons |
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Term
| Where are the LMN of the branchial motor portion of the trigeminal nerve? |
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Definition
| Axons from the masticator nucleus (motor nucleus of V) exit the pons as the motor root on the medial aspect of the sensory root on V3. Axons course thru the trigeminal nucleus, exit the cranium, and give motor branches |
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Term
| Where are the UMN for the branchial motor portion of the Trigeminal nerve? |
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Definition
| Bilateral innervation from the corticobulbar fibers, which send axons thru internal capsule to motor nucleus of trigeminal |
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Term
| What would an UMNL of the branchial motor portion of the trigeminal look like? |
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Definition
| Minimal symptoms due to bilateral corticobulbar innervation |
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Term
| What would a LMNL look like in the branchial motor portion of the trigeminal nerve? |
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Definition
| If motor nucleus of V, ipsilateral paralysis of muscles of mastication. If entire nerve, see sensory loss in face as well - GSA component |
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Term
| What is the function of the general sensory portion of the trigeminal nerve? |
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Definition
| Sensation from face and scalp, conjunctiva, mucous membranes of nasal and oral cavities including teeth, anterior 2/3 of tongue and part of external aspect of tympanic membrane |
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Term
| Where are the CBOs of the general sensory portion of the trigeminal nerve? |
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Definition
| Most of the 1st order sensory cell bodies reside in the trigeminal ganglion. Central processes enter the pons and synapse with the 2nd order neuron in the appropriate region of the trigeminal nucleus. Trigeminal nucleus is the largest CN nucleus and extends from midbrain to spinal cord as far as C2. Here, it becomes continuous with the dorsal horn of the spinal cord |
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Term
| Receives pain and temperature sense from areas innervated by CNV. Axons of 2nd order neurons cross the midline and join the spinal lemniscus to travel to intralaminar and VP nuclei of the thalamus. 3rd order neurons project to sensory cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| Tactile, pressure, and discriminative touch sensation from areas innervated by CNV. Axons cross the midline and join the medial lemniscus to travel to the VP nucleus of the thalamus. 3rd order thalamic neurons travel through internal capsule to the primary sensory cortex. |
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Definition
| Principle Sensory Nucleus of V |
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Term
| Pressure and kinesthesia from teeth, periodontium, hard palate, and joint capsules; proprioception from muscles of mastication. Central processes project primarily to the motor nucleus of V to provide reflex control of bite - concerned with mechanisms that control the force of the bite. |
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Definition
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Term
| The componenet of the sensory arm of the corneal reflex |
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Definition
| General sensory portion of trigeminal nerve |
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Term
| Tap the patients chin - reflex contractions of masseter and temporalis muscles. Sensory arm is GSA component (mesencephalic nucleus) and the motor arm is the SVE component (motor nucleus of V) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the innervation of the abducens nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the abducens nerve? |
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Definition
| innervates the lateral rectus |
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Term
| What are the CBOs of the abducens nerve? |
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Definition
| Abducens Nucleus - floor of 4th ventricle in pons, near the midline. Motor neurons and interneurons |
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Term
| What nerve loops around the abducens nucleus in the facial genu to exit the pons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the LMN o the abducens nerve? |
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Definition
| Axons emerge from the medial aspect of the abducens nucleus, pass ventrally thru pontine tegmentum, exit brainstem at caudal border of pons, lateral to corticospinal tract |
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Term
| Interneurons of the abducens nerve |
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Definition
| Send fribers to contralateral side of brain stem. These fibers ascend in contralateral MLF to innervate part of contralateral oculomotor nucleus, which innervates medial rectus of the opposite eye. One way which both eyes move together to produce conjugate gaze |
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Term
| A fiber tract that interconnects the abducens, trochlear, and oculomotor nuclei. This allows for coordinated and simultaneous movement of both eyes. |
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Definition
| Interneurons of abducens nerve |
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Term
| What is the most frequently lesioned cranial nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs if you lesion the abducens nerve? |
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Definition
| Paralysis of the ipsilateral lateral rectus - medial Strabismus |
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Term
| Unopposed medial rectus muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs when there is a lesion to the abducens nucleus? |
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Definition
| Paralysis of lateral gaze to side of lesion. Lateral Gaze Paralysis |
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Term
| Due to loss of neurons innervating ipsilateral lateral rectus and significant portion of neurons innervating contralateral medial rectus. Can also occur with damage to MLF |
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Definition
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Term
| The only nerve whose cell bodies originate from the contralateral nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| The only cranial nerve to emerge on the dorsal surface of the brainstem, just caudal to the inferior colliculus |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the trochlear nerve? |
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Definition
| innervate superior oblique which turns eyes down and out and medially rotates the eyeball |
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Term
| CBOs of the trochlear nerve? |
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Definition
| trochlear nucleus - ventral border of PAG in midbrain - motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Crosses immediately to contralateral side in superior medullary velum - exits dorsal surface of brainstem caudal to inferior colliculus, then curves around brainstem to reach ventral surface |
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