Term
| function of autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
| regulate internal environment and maintenance of normal body funtions. it is the "vegetative" or "visceral" nervous system. |
|
|
Term
| the autonomic nervous system is said to be the "_________" or "________" nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the autonomic nervous system innervate/target, in general |
|
Definition
smooth muscle
glands
cardiac muscle |
|
|
Term
| by innervation, what does the autonomic nervous system control |
|
Definition
digestion
blood vessel diameter
heart rate
sweat
salivation
diameter of respiratory airways
pupillary diameter
release of adrenaline |
|
|
Term
| what are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| origin of sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| thoracolumbar origin (between T1 and L2) |
|
|
Term
| origin of parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| craniosacral origin =2 origins (CN3, 7, 9, 10 and S2, 3, 4) |
|
|
Term
| what does the sympathetic nervous system respond to, and what happens when it is activated |
|
Definition
needs requiring mobilization of all resources (emergencies, fight/flight syndrome)
-increase heart rate
-dilate pupils and airways
-decrease digestive tract motility
-stimulate adrenal and sweat glands to liberate energy |
|
|
Term
| what does the parasympathetic nervous system respond to, and what happens when it is activated |
|
Definition
opposite of sympathetic= rest and digest
-decrease heart rate
-increase digestive tract motility
-pupil constriction |
|
|
Term
| in the anatomy of autonomic efferents, what type of chain is present--describe |
|
Definition
two neuron chain:
-PREGANGLIONIC cell in CNS, synapses on
-POSTGANGLIONIC cell in one of various peripheral ganglia and projects to glands, smooth muscle, or cardiac muscle |
|
|
Term
| in the sympathetic nervous system, is the preganglionic cell long or short, and why |
|
Definition
| short because ganglion is close to spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| in the parasympathetic nervous system, is the preganglionic cell long or short, and why |
|
Definition
| long because ganglia are close to targets ("terminal ganglia") |
|
|
Term
| in the sympathetic nervous system, where are preganglionic cells located |
|
Definition
| close to spinal cord, in lateral horn (intermediolateral cell column), between T1 and L2 (thoracolumbar) |
|
|
Term
| in the sympathetic nervous system, where what are the paravertebral postganglionic cells, and where are they located, what are they connected to |
|
Definition
| paravertebral ganglia: chain of paired/bilateral ganglia that extend from base of skull to coccyx on ventrolateral side of vertebral column (collectively called sympathetic trunk). connected to spinal nerves on each side of vertebral column by white and gray rami communicates, and connected to each other above and below. |
|
|
Term
| name for the collection of paravertebral chain/ganglion in sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the sympathetic nervous system, where are the prevertebral postganglionic cells, and what do they consist of |
|
Definition
prevertebral ganglia: located anterior to vertebral column, and has 3 pairs in the gut
1) celiac
2) superior mesenteric
3) inferior mesenteric |
|
|
Term
| types of postganglionic cells/ganlglia in sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
1) paravertebral
2) prevertebral
"3) adrenal medulla" |
|
|
Term
| cells in adrenal medulla that are contacted by preganglionic neurons in SYMP division, and what do they make |
|
Definition
| chromaffin--make adrenaline/epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| what axons in the SYMP nervous system are myelinated, and where are they located |
|
Definition
| preganglionic axons--in white rami--between T1 and L2 |
|
|
Term
| what axons in the SYMP are NOT myelinated, and where are they located |
|
Definition
| postganglionic axons--in gray rami-- at all levels of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| lengths of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers in the SYMP 2-neuron chain |
|
Definition
short preganglionic fiber
long postganglionic fiber |
|
|
Term
| what drives/stimulates preganglionic neurons |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus with input from amygdala (Papez circuit) in limbic system |
|
|
Term
| in SYMP, what are the possible pathways a PREGANGLIONIC fiber can take |
|
Definition
1- synapse with postganglionic neurons in paravertebral ganglion at the same level/segment, and join mixed spinal nerves that project to the peripheral target
2- pass up/down sympathetic trunk before synapsing with a postganglionic cell at a different level, and axon rejoins mixed spinal nerves that project to peripheral target
3-bypass trunk/pass through paravertebral ganglion to synapse with a postganglionic cell at a prevertebral ganglion (celiac, sup.mesenteric, inf. mesenteric) and project to the gut
4- bypass trunk/pass through paravertebral ganglion and course to adrenal medulla to stimulate chromaffin cells to release epinephrine/adrenaline into bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| are PSYMP functions inhibited with SYMP activation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| location of preganglionic fiber in PSYMP |
|
Definition
in brain regions that give rise to CN3, 7, 9, 10 and in the spinal cord at S2, 3, 4
(craniosacral) |
|
|
Term
PSYMP/craniosacral innervation of auto. nervous system:
1-nuclei
2-CN
3-ganglion
4-whats innervated |
|
Definition
1-edinger-westfall nucleus, CN3, ciliary ganglion, visual control by constrictor muscles of pupils
2-lacrimal nucleus, CN7, pterygopalatine ganglion, lacrimal glands and glands of nasal and oral cavities
3-sup. salivatory nucleus, CN7, submandibular ganglion, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
4-inf. salivatory nucleus, CN9, otic ganglion, parotid salivary gland
5-nucleus ambiguus, CN10, terminal to heart
6-dorsal motor nucleus of vagal nerve, CN10, many terminal ganglia/collections of postganglionic cells found near or within innervated organs
(and S2, 3, 4 to pelvic nerves)
(all are located near targets) |
|
|
Term
| lenghts of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers in PSYMP |
|
Definition
long preganglionic fiber
short postganglionic fiber
(ganglion is close to target organ) |
|
|
Term
| where are white rami found |
|
Definition
| only between T1 and L2 because have preganglionic axons |
|
|
Term
| where are gray rami found |
|
Definition
| at all levels of spinal cord because have postganglionic axons |
|
|
Term
| under stress, does SYMP or PSYMP dominate, and what happens during stressful situations |
|
Definition
| SYMP: hypothalamus stimulates pituitarty to relase ACTH to the adrenal gland that stimulates release of cortisol to affect central nervous system and shift metabolic properties to a catabolic state that also inhibits immune function |
|
|
Term
| if you are being chased by a killer, how is the autonomic nervous system stimulated |
|
Definition
1) amygdala stimulates paraventricular nucleus in hypothalamus
2) hypothalamus sends a projection down the lateral horn of the brain stem to T1 and L2
3) stimulation of preganglionic axons to take pathways for fight/flight response and inhibit PSYMP actions (CN3, 7, 9, 10 and S2, 3, 4 discussed) |
|
|
Term
| what is the largest of the cranial nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CN5 has a sensory root with cells bodies located in the _____________ and a motor root with cell bodies in the ____________ in the _______ |
|
Definition
trigeminal ganglion
motor nucleus in the pons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
V1-opthalmic
V2-maxillary
V3-mandibular |
|
|
Term
| CN5 functional components |
|
Definition
Resident:
GSA & SVE
Acquired:
GVE & SA |
|
|
Term
| what branches of CN5 have GSA components, where are they found, and what GSA functions |
|
Definition
all 3 divisions: face, most of scalp, teeth, mucosa of paranasal sinuses, oral and nasal cavities, anterior 2/3 of tongue, conjuctiva of eye, external aspect of tympanic membrane, meninges of anterior and middle cranial fossae
-pain, temp., pressure, light touch, proprioceptive sensation from masticatory and extraocular eye muscles |
|
|
Term
| what branches of CN5 have SVE components, where are they found, and what SVE functions |
|
Definition
mandibular division only: muscles of mastication (masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid, temporalis), tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric
-motor component |
|
|
Term
| what parts of CN5 have GVE components, where are they found, and what GVE functions |
|
Definition
| pregang. parasymp. fibers associated with ciliary ganglion from CN3, pterygopalatine ganglion from CN7, otic ganglion from CN9, submandibular ganglion from CN7 |
|
|
Term
| what parts of CN5 have SVA components, where are they found, and SVA functions |
|
Definition
| taste fibers from anterior 2/3 of tongue via lingual nerve and soft palate via palatine nerves, SVA=taste & smell |
|
|
Term
| whats the overall course of the trigeminal nerve from start to where it branches into 3 divisions |
|
Definition
1) emerges from ventral surface of pons as large sensory and small motor root
2) 3 divistions emerge from trigeminal ganglion |
|
|
Term
| associated ganglia of CN5 |
|
Definition
trigeminal
pterygopalatine
ciliary
otic
submandibular |
|
|
Term
| wheres the trigeminal ganglion and what does it contain |
|
Definition
in trigeminal/Meckel's cave near apex of petrous temporal bone
has cell bodies of fibers that comprise the sensory root of trigeminal nerve |
|
|
Term
| wheres the pterygopalatine ganglion, discuss parasymp and motor components, what is it functionally connected with, pre-and-postgang. fiber locations |
|
Definition
in the pterygopalatine fossa
is a parasymp. ganglion thats functionally connected with CN7, but provides passage of fibers from V2
-preganglionic fibers synapse from CN7
-postganglionic fibers run through V2 to destinations
has a motor root via nerve of pterygoid canal formed by deep (symp) and greater (parasymp) petrosal nerves |
|
|
Term
| what ganglia of CN5 have sensory root components |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what ganglia of CN5 have parasympathetic root components |
|
Definition
pterygopalatine
ciliary
otic
submandibular |
|
|
Term
| what ganglia of CN5 have sympathetic root components |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what ganglia of CN5 have motor root components |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
whats the ciliary ganglion functionally connected with, where are symp, parasymp, and sensory roots from
what connects ciliary gang to eyeball |
|
Definition
functionally connected with CN3
-psymp root from Cn3, but passage of fibers from V1
-symp root from internal carotid plexus
-sensory root=ramus communicans of nasociliary nerve of V1 (short ciliary nerves connect ciliary gang. to eyeball) |
|
|
Term
| what is the otic ganglion functionally connected with, where are symp and psymp roots from |
|
Definition
functionally connected with CN9, but communicates with auricotemporal nerve of V3
-symp roots formed by lesser petrosal nerve
-psymp roots formed by plexus middle meningeal artery |
|
|
Term
| whats the submandibular ganglion functionally connected with, where are symp roots from, discuss postgang. psymp fiber function |
|
Definition
functionally connected with CN7, but linked with CN10 since its suspended by filaments from lingual nerve of V3
-psymp root=post. filament connecting it to lingual nerve and is derived from nerve plexus on facial artery. postgang. psymp fibers=secremotor to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands |
|
|
Term
where does V1 of CN5 emerge from and pass through, connecting fibers, routes formed
*divisions of V1/opthalmic nerve and entry |
|
Definition
1) emerges from anteromedial end of trigeminal ganglion 2) passes in the lateral wall of cavernous sinus inferior to oculomotor and trochear nerves
3) is joined by symp fibers from internal carotid plexus
4) and has connecting fibers to oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent nerves
5) forms routes for proprioceptive sensation
*lacrimal, frontal, nasociliary, meningeal branches divide before entrance through SUP. ORB. FISSURE |
|
|
Term
| ganglion associated with CN3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ganglion associated with CN7 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ganglion associated with CN9 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| topographical origin of CN1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| topographical origin of CN2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| topographical origin of CN3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| topographical origin of CN4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| topographical origin of CN5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| topographical origin of CN6 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| topographical origin of CN7 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| topographical origin of CN8 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| topographical origin of CN9 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| topographical origin of CN10 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| topographical origin of CN11 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| topographical origin of CN12 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cranial nerves with GSA/general somatosensory (touch, pain, temp) components |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cranial nerves with GVE/PSYMP (motor innervation to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands) functions of autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cranial nerves with GVA/generalviscerosensory (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, gland innervation) components |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cranial nerves with SSA/special somatosensory (sight, hearing, balance) components |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cranial nerves with SVA/special viscerosensory (taste, smell) components |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cranial nerves with GSE/somatomotor (skeletal muscle) components |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cranial nerves with SVE/branchiomotor (skeletal muscle innervation from branchial arches) components |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CN7/facial nerve supplies motor fibers to these muscles |
|
Definition
stapedius
post. digastric
stylohyoid
all muscles of facial expression |
|
|
Term
| CN7/facial nerve sends pregang psymp fibers to what ganglia? via what? |
|
Definition
| to pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia via greater petrosal nerve and chorda tympani |
|
|
Term
| CN7/facial nerve carries sensory fibers from ____________ and taste from __________ via chorda tympani and _________ via greater petrosal and palatine nerves |
|
Definition
skin of external acoustic meatus
anterior 2/3 of tongue
soft palate |
|
|
Term
| what happens if you have a lesion in the 4th ventricle that affects CN6 & 7 |
|
Definition
| paralysis of facial muscles and inability to abduct eye on affected side (=double vision) |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean to say that the facial nerve is a mixed nerve |
|
Definition
| it has motor and sensory functional components |
|
|
Term
| what functional components does CN7/facial nerve have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types and locations of motor and sensory components of CN7 |
|
Definition
| large SVE and small GVE components run in the nervus intermedius with GSA and SVA fibers |
|
|
Term
| whats the nervus intermedius named for |
|
Definition
| its intermediate location between motor branch of CN7 and CN8 |
|
|
Term
| CN7 innervation by SVE fibers |
|
Definition
| all muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid, posterior digastric, stapedius |
|
|
Term
| CN7 innervation by GVE fibers |
|
Definition
| (preganglionic parasympathetic axons) innervate lacrimal glands, glands of nasal and palatine mucosa, sublingual and submandibular salivary glands |
|
|
Term
| CN7 innervation by GSA fibers |
|
Definition
| small area of skin in external acoustic meatus |
|
|
Term
| CN7 innervation by SVA fibers |
|
Definition
| (taste fibers) from anterior 2/3 of tongue and soft palate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) 2 roots of CN7 leave brainstem at cerebellopontine angle
2) CN7 enters internal acoustic meatus with CN8
3) fibers enter facial canal to geniculate ganglion
4) greater petrosal nerve diverges
5) CN7 turns backwards to go within medial wall of middle ear
6) branch to stapedius diverges
7) CN7 continues down and gives off chorda tympani
8) CN7 exits stylomastoid foramen
9) stylohyoid, posterior digastric, occipitalis branch off
10) CN7 runs anteriorly in parotid gland
11) CN7 divides into 5 branches (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical) to supply muscles of facial expression |
|
|
Term
| associated ganglia of CN7 and functional components in each, what nucleus is each derived from |
|
Definition
pterygopalatine ganglion (GVE/parasymp)-superior salivatory nucleus
submandibular ganglion (GVE/parasymp)-superior salivatory nucleus
geniculate ganglion (SVA and GSA)
(ciliary ganglion=CN3--visceral oculomotor/-edinger westfall nucleus, Otic ganglion=CN9--inferior salivatory nucleus) |
|
|
Term
| arrangement, control, and input of facial motor nucleus |
|
Definition
ventral half=control lower half of face, input from ipsilateral side
dorsal half=control upper half of face, input from ipsilateral AND contralateral side |
|
|
Term
| if a person has a stroke/upper motor neuron lesion of the corticobulbar tract on the LEFT side, what happens |
|
Definition
| lose facial muscle function on LOWER RIGHT side of face |
|
|
Term
| if a person has Bell's palsy/lower motor neuron lesion, what happens |
|
Definition
| lose function of upper AND lower facial muscles on SAME side of face as lesion |
|
|
Term
| pathway of CN7 fibers through pterygopalatine ganglion |
|
Definition
1) pregang. psymp. fibers from sup. salivatory nucleus in pons travel as part of nervus intermedius
2) greater petrosal nerve is formed
3) travel through pterygoid canal and join postgang. symp. fibers/deep petrosal nerve
4) formation of nerve of pterygoid canal/vidian nerve
5) postgang. psymp. fibers travel to lacrimal, nasal, palatine, pharyngeal mucosal glands with V2 branches |
|
|
Term
| where is the pterygopalatine ganglion |
|
Definition
| pterygopalatine fossa, suspended from V1 of CN5 |
|
|
Term
| wheres the submandibular ganglion |
|
Definition
| within hyoglossus muscle, suspended from lingual nerve |
|
|
Term
| pathway of CN7 fibers through submandibular ganglion |
|
Definition
1) pregang. psymp. fibers come from sup. salivatory nuc. in pons and run with nervus intermedius and then the lingual nerve
2) reach submandibular ganglion
3) postgang. fibers travel with lingual nerve to sublingual and submandibular glands |
|
|
Term
| what glands of the head and neck are NOT supplied by CN7's psymp. fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens with lingual nerve damage |
|
Definition
| lose taste fibers and autonomic outflow to submandibular and sublingual glands |
|
|
Term
| what happens with lingual nerve damage at the facial canal |
|
Definition
1-lose taste fibers and autonomic outflow to submandibular and sublingual glands
2- lose motor function to muscles of facial exp. |
|
|
Term
| what happens with lingual nerve damage prior to entrance of facial canal |
|
Definition
1-lose taste fibers and autonomic outflow to submandibular and sublingual glands
2- lose motor function of muscles of facial exp.
3-can't lacrimate or make mucus |
|
|
Term
| what ganglion of CN7 have GVE/psymp function |
|
Definition
pterygopalatine
submandibular |
|
|
Term
| what ganglion of CN7 have sensory/SVA/GSA function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| components of geniculate ganglion, related to CN7 |
|
Definition
| cell bodies for sensory taste fibers/SVA that arise from anterior two of tongue and soft palate and small component of GSA fibers from the ear |
|
|
Term
| pathway of CN7 fibers through geniculate ganglion |
|
Definition
1) central processes of cells carrying taste/SVA info enter brainstem
2) travel to anterior part of nucleus of solitary tract in medulla
3) synapse on 2nd order neurons
4) carry taste info to VPM of thalamus via central tegmental tract
5) central processes with GSA info travel in spinal trigeminal tract and synapse on spinal trigeminal nucleus
6) 2nd order neurons ascend trigeminothalamic tract to VPM of thalamus
7) 3rd order neurons with SVA and GSA info bring info to layer 4 of somatosensory cortex |
|
|
Term
| concerning CN3, the axons of the oculomotor complex most dorsomedial and superior are part of ____________nucleus and carry ______________ to the __________ |
|
Definition
edinger westfall
visceral/pregang. psymp. efferents
ciliary ganglion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| levator palpebrae superioris function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| location of trochlear nucleus |
|
Definition
| caudal to oculomotor complex at level of inferior colliculus |
|
|
Term
| location of abducens nucleus |
|
Definition
| paired nucleus in lower pons, separated from floor of 4th ventricle by genu of facial nerve |
|
|
Term
| function of abducens nerve |
|
Definition
| coordinate horizontal gaze of both eyes (LR) |
|
|
Term
| pathway of abducens motor neurons |
|
Definition
1) course ventrally and pierce medial lemniscus
2) run lateral to corticospinal bundles
3) emerge on anterior surface between pons and medulla
--nerve ascends along base of pons |
|
|
Term
| what are abducens motor neurons mixed with and what do they do |
|
Definition
| mixed with internuclear neurons that send axons across the midline to the contralateral medial longitudinal fasciculus, where they ascend through the pons and midbrain to the oculomotor complex |
|
|
Term
| where are the horizontal gaze centers found |
|
Definition
| reticular formation of pons |
|
|
Term
| another name for horizontal gaze center and what is it |
|
Definition
paramedian pontine reticular fromation (PPRF)
-collection of local circiut neurons near midline in pons, responsible for generating horizontal eye movements |
|
|
Term
| what do PPRF neurons innervate |
|
Definition
| cells in abducens nucleus on SAME side of brain |
|
|
Term
| types of neurons in abducens nucleus |
|
Definition
1-motor neuron that innervates LR on same side
2-internuclear neurons for MR on opposite side (internuclear neurons that send axons across midline to ascend in medial longitudinal fasciculus to oculomotor nucleus with motor neurons for MR) |
|
|
Term
| what does activation of PPRF neurons on RIGHT side of brainstem cause, in general |
|
Definition
| horizontal movements of both eyes to the RIGHT |
|
|
Term
| if you have a lesion to the abducens nerve, what happens |
|
Definition
| loss of LR function on SAME side (CN6 palsy) |
|
|
Term
| if you have a lesion to the abducens nucleus, what happens |
|
Definition
| lose LR function on SAME side and MR on OPPOSITE side (lateral gaze palsy) |
|
|
Term
| if you have a lesion to the PPRF, what happens |
|
Definition
| lose LR function on SAME side and MR on OPPOSITE side (lateral gaze palsy) |
|
|
Term
| if you have a lesion to the medial longitudinal fasciculus, what happens |
|
Definition
| lose MR on SAME side (LR nystagmus on opposite side) |
|
|
Term
| if you have a lesion that affects the medial longitudinal fasciculus and sbducens nucleus, what happens |
|
Definition
| lose MR and LR on SAME side and MR on OPPOSITE side |
|
|
Term
| if you have a lesion to CN3, how does this affect horizontal gaze |
|
Definition
| lose MR on SAME side (LR nystagmus on opposite side) |
|
|
Term
| another name for vertical gaze center, and where is it located |
|
Definition
rostral interstitial nucleus of the MLF (riMLF)
-in rostral part of midbrain reticular formation |
|
|
Term
| what does activation of vertical gaze center/riMLF cause, in general |
|
Definition
| movements of eyes along a vertical axis |
|
|
Term
| what does activation of horizontal and vertical gaze centers in concert cause |
|
Definition
| oblique eye movements whose trajectories are specified by relative contribution |
|
|
Term
| what controls gaze centers |
|
Definition
| neurons in frontal eye fields (part of frontal lobe) |
|
|
Term
| components of auditory system |
|
Definition
middle ear ossicles and muscles
(malleus, incus, stapes, tensor tympani (V), stapedius (VII)) |
|
|
Term
| function and innervation of tensor tympani |
|
Definition
| CN5, prevents/tenses movement of tympanic membrane to blunt auditory signal/sound |
|
|
Term
| function and innervation of stapedius |
|
Definition
| CN7, limits footplate from being pushed into oval window to blunt auditory signal/sound |
|
|
Term
| whats the modiolus, what resides here |
|
Definition
| hub/bony core surrounded by the coiled osseous cochlea, where ganglion cells of cochlear part of CN8 are found |
|
|
Term
| components of membranous cochlea, and what each is filled with |
|
Definition
cochlear duct/scala media, filled with endolymph
upper chamber/scala vestibuli filled with perilymph
lower chamber/scala tympani filled with perilymph |
|
|
Term
| another name for cochlear duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| another name for upper chamber of cochlea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| another name for lower chamber of cochlea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| within the cochlea, where are auditory receptors found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the organ of corti |
|
Definition
| sits on upper surface of basilar membrane of scala media |
|
|
Term
| what are oscillations of basilar membrane due to, what do they do |
|
Definition
| response to fluid motion on scala media, produce shearing force on stereocilia of receptor cells=electrical potential within hair cells |
|
|
Term
| what are receptor cells in contact with |
|
Definition
| gelatinous tectorial membrane |
|
|
Term
| what are hair cells innervated by |
|
Definition
-dendritic terminals of large bipolar neurons located within the spiral ganglion in the modiolus
-efferent fibers from olivocochlear bundle |
|
|
Term
| general steps to generate sound reception up to reception by auditory nerve |
|
Definition
1-tympanic membrane vibrates
2-ossicles shake
3-footplate of stapes vibrates oval window
4-cochlear fluid movement
5-reception by stereocilia
6-electrical potential in hair cells
7-action potential through auditory nerve |
|
|
Term
| what forms the cochlear nerve |
|
Definition
| central processes of spiral ganglion cells/modiolus |
|
|
Term
| where does cochlear nerve travel, and with what |
|
Definition
1-through internal auditory canal with vestibular and facial nerves
2-enters brainstem at pontocerebellar angle
3-divides into branches that innervate ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei at ventrolateral side of inferior cerebellar peduncle |
|
|
Term
| what forms the trapezoid body |
|
Definition
| axons leaving the ventral cochlear nucleus |
|
|
Term
| where do axons from the ventral cochlear nucleus/trapezoid body run |
|
Definition
| medially across midline and terminates in superior olivary complex bilaterally |
|
|
Term
| if fibers join the contralateral lateral lemniscus, where do they ascend |
|
Definition
| to the inferior colliculus |
|
|
Term
| where do axons from the dorsal cochlear nucleus run |
|
Definition
| cross midline and ascend with lateral lemniscus |
|
|
Term
| where do fibers from the superior olivary complex ascend |
|
Definition
| in lateral lemniscus BILATERALLY |
|
|
Term
| where do fibers from both the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei terminate |
|
Definition
| in nuclei of lateral lemniscus on CONTRALATERAL side en route to the inferior colliculus |
|
|
Term
| where do axons from neurons in the inferior colliculus project |
|
Definition
| through brachium of inferior colliculus to IPSILATERAL medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| where do axons from neurons in the MGN/medial geniculate nucleus project |
|
Definition
| to superior temporal/Heschl's gyrus of primary auditory cortex |
|
|
Term
| what provides further communication between sides of brain for audition |
|
Definition
| commissural connections between inferior colliculi and between nuclei of lateral lemnisci |
|
|
Term
| what parallels ascending projections of auditory system |
|
Definition
| smaller descending projections from auditory cortex to the MGN, inferior colliculus, and additional auditory relay nuclei |
|
|
Term
| whats the final link in the descending system of CN8 before innervation to inhibit inner and outer hair cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the olivocochlear bundle originate |
|
Definition
| in superior olivary complex |
|
|
Term
| where does the olivocochlear bundle terminate |
|
Definition
| on afferent fibers reaching inner and outer hair cells |
|
|
Term
| function of olivocochlear bundle |
|
Definition
| inhibit inner and outer hair cells |
|
|
Term
| function of vestibular system |
|
Definition
1-facilitate balance
2-coordination of head and body movements
3-fixation of vision/retina while head is moving
(coordinate head and eye movements) |
|
|
Term
| main components of vestibular system |
|
Definition
bony labyrinth
membranous labyrinth (with semicircular ducts/canals, ampullae, cupula, otolith) |
|
|
Term
| components of membranous labyrinth of vestibular system |
|
Definition
semicircular ducts/canals
ampullae
cupula
otolith |
|
|
Term
| what is the bony labyrinth in the vestibular system |
|
Definition
| cavity within petrous part of temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| whats is contained in the membranous labyrinth in the vestibular system/function (not the individual components) |
|
Definition
| specialized epithelium serving as a transduction apparatus for vestibulation/balance |
|
|
Term
| what are the semicircular canals/ducts in the membranous labyrinth of the vestibular system |
|
Definition
Anterior, posterior, and horizontal canals/ducts that are oriented at 90 degrees to each other and work in pairs
(anterior with posterior, horizontal with each other) |
|
|
Term
| whats found at the base of each semicircular canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-dilation of semicircular canals just before junction with utricle
-epithelium here thickens to form the cristae ampullaris/ampullary crest |
|
|
Term
| components of cristae ampullaris/ampullary crest |
|
Definition
| specialized vestibular receptor cells/hair cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized vestibular receptor cells |
|
|
Term
| what are hair cells innervated by in ampullae |
|
Definition
| peripheral processes/dendrites of bipolar sensory cells of Scarpa's ganglion |
|
|
Term
| what forms the ampullary nerve |
|
Definition
| peripheral processes/dendrites of bipolar sensory cells of Scarpa's ganglion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gelatinous mass from ampullary crest to roof of ampulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detect rotational motion from inertial force that displaces hair cells and generates a local receptor potential |
|
|
Term
| what are the otolith organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| components of otolith organs/utricle and saccule |
|
Definition
-thickenings called maculae (that have receptor hair cells innervated by vestibular ganglion neurons)
-overlying gelatinous substance with calcium carbonate crystals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptor hair cells innervated by vestibular ganglion neurons |
|
|
Term
| function of calcium carbonate crystals in otolith organ gelatinous substance |
|
Definition
| aid in deforming gelatinous mass and bending hair cells |
|
|
Term
| function of otolith organs (specific for each organ) |
|
Definition
respond to linear acceleration
-utricle=horizontal direction
-saccule=vertical direction |
|
|
Term
| what are the vestibular nuclei, where are they located |
|
Definition
4 pairs in pons and medulla:
-lateral/Delter's
-medial
-superior
-inferior |
|
|
Term
| where does the lateral vestibular nucleus receive input from |
|
Definition
-ampullae of semicircular canals
-maculae
-vestibular parts of cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| what does output from the lateral vestibular nucleus form, whats its function |
|
Definition
| lateral vestibulospinal tract-provides tonic excitation to lower extremity extensors to maintain upright posture |
|
|
Term
| where do medial and superior nuclei of vestibular system receive input from |
|
Definition
| ampullae of semicircular ducts |
|
|
Term
| what does output from medial nucleus of vestibular system form, whats its function |
|
Definition
medial vestibulospinal tract-coordinate neck movements with eye movements
medial longitudinal fasciculus-mediate vestibulo-ocular reflexes (connect abducens nucleus with oculomotor complex) |
|
|
Term
| what does ouput from superior nucleus of vestibular system form, whats its function |
|
Definition
| medial longitudinal fasciculus-mediate vestibulo-ocular reflexes (connect abducens nucleus with oculomotor complex) |
|
|
Term
| where does the inferior nucleus of the vestibular system receive input from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does output from inferior nucleus of vestibular system form, whats its function |
|
Definition
| fibers descend as parts of medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts-postural stability |
|
|
Term
| functional components of CN9/glossopharyngeal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for CN9, where are SVE cell bodies found, where do axons emerge and travel to innervate |
|
Definition
| in nucleus ambiguous-axons emerge as 3-4 rootlets, merge and pass through posterior cranial fossa, then jugular foramen, then descend behind styloid process to innervate stylopharyngeus muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preganglionic parasympathetic fibers |
|
|
Term
| where do GVE fibers for CN9 originate and travel initially |
|
Definition
| from neurons in inferior salivatory nucleus- axons join other CN9 components in medulla and exit through jugular foramen |
|
|
Term
| what nerves branch from GVE fibers of CN9, where do they travel, whats innervated |
|
Definition
TYMPANIC NERVE-leaves inferior ganglion and re-enters skull by ascending through inferior tympanic cannaliculus to form a plexus on the surface of the middle ear cavity
-LESSER PETROSAL NERVE of visceral motor fibers emerges from this plexus and passes through lesser petrosal foramen in petrous temporal bone and foramen ovale to the otic ganglion
-postganglionic fibers travel with auricotemporal/V3 nerve to the parotid gland |
|
|
Term
| what functional components does the nucleus ambiguous carry and for what CNs |
|
Definition
| SVE for CN9, 10 (motor outputs) |
|
|
Term
| what functional components does the nucleus of the solitary tract carry and for what CNs |
|
Definition
upper: SVA for CN7, 9, 10 (taste by inf/petrosal or nodose gang)
lower: GVA for CN9, 10 (baro/chemo receptors by inf/petrosal or nodose gang) |
|
|
Term
| what functional components does the spinal trigeminal nucleus carry and for what CNs |
|
Definition
| GSA for CN5, 7, 9, 10 by superior/jugular gang |
|
|
Term
| what do GSA fibers of CN9 do |
|
Definition
| carry general sensation from posterior 1/3 of tongye and upper pharynx, skin of external ear, internal surface of tympanic membrane |
|
|
Term
| where do cell bodies of GSA fibers in CN9 reside, how do central processes descend |
|
Definition
superior glosopharyngeal ganglion/jugular ganglion--central processes descend in spinal tract of CN5 to caudal part of spinal trigeminal tract nucleus
-secondary neurons cross and ascend to contralateral VPM of thalamus as trigeminothalamic tract
-third order neurons project to postcentral gyrus/sensory |
|
|
Term
| where are chemoreceptors in GVA fibers of CN9, how are they relayed |
|
Definition
| carotid body-relayed to inferior ganglion as carotid nerve with baroreceptors |
|
|
Term
| where are baroreceptors in GVA fibers of CN9, how are they relayed |
|
Definition
| carotid sinus-relayed to inferior/petrosal ganglion as carotid nerve with chemoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| chemo and baroreceptors/GVA fibers of CN9--course traveled |
|
Definition
1-travel as carotid nerve to inferior/petrosal ganglion
2-central processes travel to nucleus of the solitary tract via the solitary tract (caudal part)
3-connections to hypothalamus and medullary reticular formation=reflex for respiration, BP/cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| function of SVA fibers in CN9 |
|
Definition
| contact taste receptors of posterior 1/3 of tongue |
|
|
Term
| where do cell bodies of SVA fibers of CN9 reside, where do they travel |
|
Definition
| cell bodies in inferior/petrosal ganglion-central processes project to nucleus of solitary tract (rostral part) |
|
|
Term
| where are cells bodies of SVE of CN10, course |
|
Definition
cell bodies in nucleus ambiguous-nerve rootlets (8-10) exit under those of CN9 and exit skull through jugular foramen
-split into pharyngeal, superior laryngeal, and recurrent laryngeal nerves |
|
|
Term
| three major branches of CN10 SVE |
|
Definition
1-pharyngeal nerve
2-superior laryngeal nerve
3-recurrent laryngeal nerve |
|
|
Term
| what does the pharyngeal nerve supply |
|
Definition
| all muscles of soft palate except stylopharyngeus(CN9) and tensor palatine(V3) |
|
|
Term
| what does the superior laryngeal nerve supply |
|
Definition
-internal laryngeal nerve
-external laryngeal nerve=cricothyroid muscle |
|
|
Term
| what does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply |
|
Definition
| intrinsic muscles of larynx (except cricothyroid) |
|
|
Term
| where are cell bodies of GVE in CN10, where do fibers travel |
|
Definition
dorsal motor nucleus/DMN--preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are distributed to pharyngeal and laryngeal mucosa
-CN10 breaks up in thorax to many branches that join plexi around blood vessels to lungs and heart
-gastric nerves emerge from esophageal plexus to supply stomach
-intestinal branches act on GI tract
*terminal ganglia in walls of targets |
|
|
Term
| functional components of CN10 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are cell bodies of GSA in CN10, where do processes travel |
|
Definition
superior/jugular vagal ganglion-central processes join spinal tract of CN5 to spinal trigeminal nucleus
-second order fibers ascend on contralateral side as trigeminothalamic tract and synapse on third order neurons in VPM in thalamus
-VPM neurons project to postcentral gyrus |
|
|
Term
| what do GSA fibers of CN10 innervate |
|
Definition
| general sensation from larynx, pharynx, skin of external ear, external auditory canal, external surface of tympanic membrane, meninges of posterior cranial fossa, vocal cords, larynx |
|
|
Term
| what carries general sensation from vocal cords and larynx above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what carries general sensation from vocal cords and larynx below |
|
Definition
| recurrent laryngeal nerve |
|
|
Term
| where are cell bodies of SVA of CN10, what do they carry and course traveled |
|
Definition
| inferior/nodose vagal ganglion-carry taste from region of epiglottis-central processes enter medulla and synapse at rostral nucleus of solitary tract |
|
|
Term
| what do GVA of CN10 carry and via what |
|
Definition
sensory info from mucous membrane of epiglottis, base of tongue, and most of larynx via internal laryngeal nerve
-below larynx=via recurrent laryngeal nerve |
|
|
Term
| where are cell bodies of GVA in CN10, where do processes get input and travel to |
|
Definition
inferior/nodoes ganglion-peripheral processes get input from baro and chemoreceptors, sensation from tongue, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart, esophagus, stomach, intestines
-central process enter medulla and descend in tractus solidus to caudal nucleus of solitary tract |
|
|
Term
| where are the cell bodies of SVE in CN11, where projected, whats innervated |
|
Definition
lateral part of ventral horn gray of first 5-6 cervical segments (in line with nucleus ambiguous)
-nerve rootlets exit and collect as accessory nerve, enter foramen magnum, exit through jugular foramen, runs behind styloid to innervate sternocleidomastoid and trapezius |
|
|
Term
where are neurons from GSE of CN12, where projected, whats innervated
-what brain structure does CN12 work with |
|
Definition
neurons from hypoglossal nucleus-exit medulla ventrally at preolivary sulcus
-hypoglossal nerve exits skull through hypoglossal canal and innervates extrinsic(genioglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus) and intrinsic tongue muscles
-works with cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| what are the extrinsic tongue muscles innervated by CN12 |
|
Definition
hyoglossus
styloglossus
genioglossus |
|
|
Term
| whats the only system lacking a pre-cortical relay in the thalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are olfactory receptor cells, where do they project |
|
Definition
bipolar cells in olfactory epithelium of nasal mucosa
-project through perforations of cribiform plate to the mitral cells of olfactory bulb |
|
|
Term
| what are mitral cells, where do they project and how |
|
Definition
principle relay cells of bulb
-project via olfactory tract and lateral olfactory stria to primary olfactory cortex and amygdala |
|
|
Term
| what does the primary olfactory cortex consist of |
|
Definition
| piriform cortex of temporal lobe overlying the uncus |
|
|
Term
| what are lesions of the olfactory pathway due to |
|
Definition
| trauma/skull fracture or meningioma in olfactory groove |
|
|
Term
| what are lesions in the uncus/parahippocampal gyrus associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| whats the functional component of CN1 |
|
Definition
| SVA (taste and smell-chemical sense) |
|
|
Term
| why is the olfactory nerve a misnomer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| location of olfactory bulb and tract |
|
Definition
| cribiform plate of ethmoid |
|
|
Term
| function of pigment epithelium of visual system |
|
Definition
-absorb light thats not caught by retina
-turnover/phagocytosis of photoreceptor discs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vertical: photoreceptor (rods, cones), bipolar, ganglion
horizontal: horizontal, amacrine |
|
|
Term
| types of photoreceptors and their functions |
|
Definition
rods-detect dim light (even a single photon)
cones-mediate color vision, spatial and temporal resolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have more photoreceptive pigment, outnumber cones 20:1, highly convergent upon bipolar cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outperform rods in all tasks, except detection of dim stimuli, 3 types of cones, populate fovea (area of highest acuity) |
|
|
Term
| functional regions of photoreceptor cells and their characteristics |
|
Definition
outer-stacked membranous discs with light-absorbing photopigment, is continuously renewed (3 discs/hour)
inner-nucleus, biosynthetic machinery (cell body, mitochondria)
synaptic terminal-contact for target cell (synapse with bipolar cells and project to ganglion cells to become optic tract) |
|
|
Term
| function of ganglion cells of retina, where do projections go |
|
Definition
| output cells-axons become optic nerve, then optic tract -project to lateral geniculate nucleus/LGN of thalamus -input from receptor and bipolar cells |
|
|
Term
| function of LGN for visual system |
|
Definition
| receive output from ganglion cells (fibers from right half of retina form right optic tract and project to right LGN) |
|
|
Term
| name for primary visual cortex, where found |
|
Definition
| striate cortex-located at calcarine fissure (cuneus/upper and lingual/lower gyrus surround) |
|
|
Term
| what visual field does the medial/nasal half of retina mediate |
|
Definition
| temporal/lateral half of visual field |
|
|
Term
| if the optic nerve is cut, what happens, technical name |
|
Definition
| complete blindness in eye on the same side = right/left monocular blindness |
|
|
Term
| if someone has a pituitary adenoma that cuts crossing fibers in optic chiasm, what happens, technical name |
|
Definition
no peripheral vision/tunnel vision (since nasal retina info is what crosses, no peripheral/temporal vision can be perceived because that is what is picked up by medial/nasal part)
=bitemporal hemianopsia |
|
|
Term
| if someone has a lesion to an optic tract, what happens, technical name |
|
Definition
can't see peripherally on opposite side or medially on same side of lesion (nasal/medial retinal info, picking up the peripheral field crosses, so don't see peripheral on opposite side. temporal/lateral retina info stays on same side and carries info from medial visual field, so don't see medially on same side)
=left homonymous hemianopsia |
|
|
Term
| if someone has a lesion to the lateral geniculate nucleus, what happens, technical name |
|
Definition
can't see peripherally on opposite side or medially on same side of lesion (nasal/medial retinal info, picking up the peripheral field crosses, so don't see peripheral on opposite side. temporal/lateral retina info stays on same side and carries info from medial visual field, so don't see medially on same side)
=left homonymous hemianopsia |
|
|
Term
| if someone has a lesion to the UPPER 1/2 of the optic radiation, what happens, technical name |
|
Definition
can't see LOWER visual field on opposite side of lesion (upper optic radiation carries info from lower 1/2 of visual field. lose medial retinal info on opposite side associated with peripheral visual field and lose temporal retinal info on same side associated with medial visual field)
=left/right lower quadrantonopsia |
|
|
Term
| if someone has a lesion to the cuneus, what happens, technical name |
|
Definition
can't see LOWER visual field on opposite side of lesion (cuneus receives info from lower 1/2 of visual field. lose medial retinal info on opposite side associated with peripheral visual field and lose temporal retinal info on same side associated with medial visual field)
=left/right lower quadrantonopsia |
|
|
Term
| if someone has a lesion to the LOWER 1/2 of the optic radiation, what happens, technical name |
|
Definition
can't see UPPER visual field on opposite side of lesion (lower optic radiation carries info from upper 1/2 of visual field. lose medial retinal info on opposite side associated with peripheral visual field and lose temporal retinal info on same side associated with medial visual field)
=left/right upper quadrantonopsia |
|
|
Term
| if someone has a lesion to the lingual gyrus, what happens, technical name |
|
Definition
can't see UPPER visual field on opposite side of lesion (llingual gyrus receives info from upper 1/2 of visual field. lose medial retinal info on opposite side associated with peripheral visual field and lose temporal retinal info on same side associated with medial visual field)
=left/right upper quadrantonopsia |
|
|
Term
| whats the pupillary light reflex mediated by and where is it found |
|
Definition
| pretectal nucleus in midbrain |
|
|
Term
| where does the pretectal nucleus receive axonal input from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do neurons from the pretectal nucleus project and how, what is stimulated |
|
Definition
| project BILATERALLY to edinger westfall nucleus to initiate PSYMP outflow to the ciliary gangion and papillary constrictor muscles=slacken suspensory ligaments and lens becomes more convex to bend light rays for bilateral accomodation |
|
|
Term
| if you shine light on one eye, why do both pupils constrict |
|
Definition
| info that reaches the edinger westfall nucleus is projected to both ciliary ganglions |
|
|
Term
| if light is shined, and only the same pupil constricts, whats wrong |
|
Definition
| damage to area of output/efferent pathway of opposite eye |
|
|
Term
| if light is shined, and neither pupil constricts, whats wrong |
|
Definition
| damage to optic nerve of the eye that light was shown on |
|
|
Term
| if light is shined in one eye, and only the other eye constricts, whats wrong |
|
Definition
| damage to area of output/efferent pathway of the eye that light was shown on |
|
|
Term
| how does the opthalmic/V1 branch of CN5 emerge from the middle cranial fossa |
|
Definition
| through superior orbital fissure to the orbit |
|
|
Term
| how does the maxillary/V2 branch of CN5 emerge from the middle cranial fossa |
|
Definition
| through foramen rotundum to pterygopalatine fossa |
|
|
Term
| how does the mandibular/V3 branch of CN5 emerge from the middle cranial fossa |
|
Definition
| through foramen ovale to the infratemporal fossa |
|
|
Term
| what branch/es of CN5 have motor fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of fibers from CN5 innervate facial skin, nasopharyngeal mucosa, anterior 2/3 of tongue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many myelinated fibers are in V1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many myelinated fibers are in V2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many myelinated fibers are in V3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does CN5 emerge from the brainstem, as a whole |
|
Definition
| as large sensory/GSA root and small motor/SVE root and projects to the middle cranial fossa |
|
|
Term
| what are the resident functional components of CN5, and to where |
|
Definition
GSA-pain, temp, light tough, pressure, proprio. from face
SVE-muscles of 1st pharyngeal arch/muscles of mast. |
|
|
Term
| what are the acquired functional components of CN5, and to where |
|
Definition
SA-taste (tongue)
GVE-psymp to glands and sphinter of pupil |
|
|
Term
| in the middle cranial fossa, theres a depression in the petrous temporal bone for ___________. this depression is called__________ |
|
Definition
the trigeminal ganglion
-trigeminal cave/Meckel's cave/cavity |
|
|
Term
| where are cell bodies of GSA fibers of CN5 mainly located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| before reaching foramen rotundum (V2) and superior orbital fissure (V1) what must V1 and V2 course through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| before reaching foramen ovale, does V3 course through the cavernous sinus |
|
Definition
| no, takes an inferior course |
|
|
Term
| what cranial nerves are involved in a cavernous sinus thrombosis, and what results from this |
|
Definition
CN3, 4, 5, 6
=opthalmoplegia, facial analgesia, periorbital edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meningeal, lacrimal, frontal, nasociliary |
|
|
Term
| branches of frontal nerve |
|
Definition
supraorbital nerve
supratrochlear nerve |
|
|
Term
| branches of nasociliary nerve |
|
Definition
long ciliary nerves
sensory root to ciliary ganglion=short ciliary nerves
posterior ethmoidal nerve
ant. ethmoidal nerve=internal and external nasal branches
infratrochlear nerve |
|
|
Term
| after emergence from V1, where does the meningeal branch travel |
|
Definition
| through superior orbital fissure |
|
|
Term
| where does the lacrimal nerve travel before reaching the lacrimal gland and lateral eye |
|
Definition
| along lateral border of orbit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dura of middle cranial fossa, skin of temple and part of cheek, maxillary teeth, mucosa of roof of mouth, nasal cavity, soft palate, nasopharynx, sensory info from muscles of facial expression |
|
|
Term
| components of pterygopalatine fossa |
|
Definition
-pterygopalatine ganglion
-maxillary nerve and branches (zygomatic, post. sup. alv., ganglionic branches to pterygopalatine ganglion)
-maxillary artery branches |
|
|
Term
| what maxillary arter branches arise within the pterygopalatine fossa |
|
Definition
posterior superior alveolar artery
infraorbital artery
descending palatine artery
artery of pterygoid canal
pharyngeal branch
sphenopalatine artery |
|
|
Term
| to anesthetize the maxillary anterior teeth, what nerve must be infiltrated |
|
Definition
| anterior superior alveolar nerve |
|
|
Term
| to anesthetize the maxillary premolars, what nerve must be infiltrated |
|
Definition
| middle superior alveolar nerve |
|
|
Term
| to anesthetize the maxillary molars, what nerve must be infiltrated |
|
Definition
| posterior superior alveolar nerve (if working on 1st molar, must also anesthetize middle superior alveolar nerve for the MB cusp) |
|
|
Term
| to anesthetize mandibular teeth, what nerve must be infiltrated |
|
Definition
*inferior alveolar nerve
mandibular nerve/V3 |
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Term
| functional components of V3 and whats innervated |
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Definition
GSA-teeth and gums of mandible, skin of temporal region, part of ear, lower lip, lower face, mucosa of oral cavity, anterior 2/3 of tongue
SVE-muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoids), oral floor muscles (mylohyoid, anterior digastric), tensor tympani of middle ear, tensor veli palatini of palate |
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Term
| what nerve conveys psymp fibers from CN7 to the lacrimal gland, via what |
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Definition
| lacrimal nerve (V1), via zygomatic nerve (V2) |
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Term
| what nerve conveys psymp fibers from CN9 to the parotid gland |
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Definition
| auricotemporal nerve (V3) |
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Term
| what nerve conveys psymp fibers from CN7 to submandibular and sublingual glands, via what |
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Definition
| lingual nerve (V3), via chorda tympani |
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Term
| what nerve innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue |
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Definition
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Term
| to anesthetize maxillary anteriors, the superior lingual gingiva, and vestibular gingiva in the area, what nerves must be infiltrated |
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Definition
| anterior superior alveolar nerve for teeth and labial mucosa, infraorbital nerve for further infiltration of labial mucosa, and nasopalatine nerve for palatal/lingual gingiva |
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Term
| to anesthetize maxillary premolars, palate, and facial mucosa, what nerves must be infiltrated |
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Definition
| middle superior alveolar nerve for teeth and facial mucosa, infraoribital nerve for further infiltration of facial mucosa, and greater palatine nerve for palate |
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Term
| to anesthetize maxillary molars, palate, and buccal mucosa, what nerves must be infiltrated |
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Definition
| posterior superior and middle superior(MB of 1st) alveolar nerves for teeth and buccal mucosa, and greater palatine nerve for palate |
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Term
| what does the lingual nerve innervate |
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Definition
| floor of mouth, inferior lingual gingiva, anterior 2/3 of tongue (GSA) |
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Term
| what does the inferior alveolar nerve block anesthetize |
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Definition
| inferior alveolar nerve and lingual nerve because of their close proximity |
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Term
| what does the middle superior alveolar nerve innervate |
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Definition
| maxillary premolars and associated labial mucosa, and MB root of 1st molar and associated labial mucosa |
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Term
| what does the anterior superior alveolar nerve innervate |
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Definition
| maxillary anteriors and associated labial mucosa |
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Term
| what does the nasopalatine nerve innervate |
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Definition
| maxillary palate from canines forward |
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Term
| what does the greater palatine nerve innervate |
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Definition
| maxillary palate from premolars backward |
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Term
| where do you deploy anesthetic for a nasopalatine nerve block |
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Definition
| in front of incisive foramen |
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Term
| where do you deploy anesthetic for a greater palatine nerve block |
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Definition
| in front of greater palatine foramen, adjacent to post. molar |
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Term
| if you deploy anesthetic too far back for the greater palatine nerve block, what may happen |
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Definition
| anesthetize lesser palatine nerves too |
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Term
| for more extensive anesthesia during a nasopalatine nerve block, whats done |
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Definition
| deploy INTO incisive canal |
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Term
| where is anesthetic deployed for an inferior alveolar nerve block |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of functional components innervations are seen in the tongue, by what |
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Definition
GSA-lingual nerve/CN5 to ant. 1/3, glossopharyngeal nerve/CN9 to post. 1/3, vagus/CN10 nerve to back-most part for sensation
SSA- facial nerve (chorda tympani)/CN7 to ant. 2/3, glossopharyngeal nerve/CN9 to post. 1/3, vagus nerve/CN10 to back-most part for taste
GSE by CN12 in extrinsic and intrinsic muscles for movement |
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Term
| where is anesthetic deployed for a buccal nerve block |
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Definition
| through buccinator near medial pterygoid muscle next to mandible |
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Term
| what does the buccal nerve of the inferior alveolar nerve innervate |
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Definition
| buccal mucosa of mandibular molars |
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Term
| what does the mental branch of the inferior alveolar nerve innervate |
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Definition
| facial mucosa of mandibular anteriors and premolars |
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Term
| what does the incisive branch of the inferior alveolar nerve innervate |
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Definition
| mandibular anterior teeth |
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Term
| what does the inferior alveolar nerve innervate |
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Definition
| all mandibular teeth and facial mucosa |
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Term
| what does the lingual nerve innervate |
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Definition
| floor of mouth and anterior 2/3 of tongue |
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Term
| when anesthetizing the inferior alveolar nerve, why does the tongue and floor of mouth also get numb |
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Definition
| lingual nerve is very close to inf. alv., so lingual nerve is anesthetized as well |
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Term
| what is anesthetized from a posterior superior alveolar nerve block |
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Definition
| maxillary molars, except MB root of 1st molar, and associated buccal mucosa |
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Term
| where is anesthetic deployed for a superior alveolar nerve block |
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Definition
| next to pterygomaxillary fissure |
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Term
| what does a maxillary division block innervate, and what nerve is anesthetized |
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Definition
| all teeth, mucosa, and palate on that side, knock out entire infraorbital nerve and its branches |
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Term
| where is anesthetic deployed for a maxillary division block |
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Definition
| into pterygopalatine fossa |
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Term
| when is a maxillary division block used |
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Definition
| for major reconstruction/trauma--more risky |
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Term
| where is anesthetic deployed for a mental and incisive nerve block, and what nerve is anesthetized |
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Definition
| region of mandibular second premolar near mental foramen to knock out mental nerve |
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Term
| if someone has a proximal lesion of the facial nerve, what happens |
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Definition
can't salivate via submandibular and sublingual glands
no taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue on that side
dry eye on same side |
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Term
| pathway of GVE distribution via CN5 to parotid gland |
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Definition
1-CN9/glossopharyngeal nerve goes through jugular foramen
2-tympanic nerve branch goes through temporal bone into tympanic plexus in middle ear
3-lesser petrosal nerve goes through middle cranial fossa and reaches otic ganglion
4-postganglionic psymp fibers follow auricotemporal nerve (V3) and goes through foramen ovale into the infratemporal fossa
5-joins auricotemporal nerve and innervates the parotid gland |
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Term
| in SYMP, what ganglion is associated with innervation of dilatory of pupil, lacrimal, sublingual, and submandibular glands |
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Definition
| superior cervical ganglion |
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