Term
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Definition
| incoming stimulus ( chemical or physical stimuli from an animals body or external enviroment) are converted into neural signals |
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Definition
concious awareness of sensations
* not all sensations are consciously percieved |
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Definition
| recognizes stimulus and intiates signal transduction by creating graded potential in adjacent cells. are either neruons or specialized epithelial cells. when response is strong enoug an action potential is sent to the CNS. |
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| intensity of sensory stimuli |
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Definition
| directly related to amount of cell membrande depolarization |
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Definition
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| what happens when a stimulus is strong enough? |
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Definition
| it will depolarize the membrane to the throshold potential and produce an action potential in a sensory neuron |
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| strength of the stimulus is indicated by what? |
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Definition
the frequency of action potentials generated.
* action potentials are genereated in a short amount of time |
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Term
| brain interprets higher frequency of action potentials as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| different stimulus produce- |
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Definition
| different sensations and responses b/c they activate specific neural pathways that are dedicated to processing only that type of stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanoreceptors, electromagnetic receptors, chemoreceptors, and nociceptors ( pain receptors) |
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Term
| 3 types of electromagnetic receptors |
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Definition
| photoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and infrared/ ultraviolet receptors |
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Definition
| this receptor transduces mechanical energy |
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Definition
| this receptor detects radiation within a wide range of electromagnetic spectrum |
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Definition
| this receptor is one of the three receptor under electromagnetic R. that responds to visible light |
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Definition
| receptor under electromagnetic r. that respond to cold and heat |
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| infrared,ultra violet receptors |
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Definition
| receptor under electromagnetic r. that is a magnetic field |
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Definition
| a receptor that respond to specific chemicals |
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Definition
| receptor that responds to extremes of heat cold and pressure as well as certain molecules such as acid |
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Term
| what happens when a mechanoreceptor is physically touched or deforme? |
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Definition
| cells open ion channels in the plasma membrane |
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Term
| what type of cells or mechanoreceptors usually? |
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Definition
| neurons and specialized epithial cells |
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Term
| what do stretch receptors cause and alter? |
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Definition
| they alter proteins in cell membranes and cause ion channels to open and cause the membrane to depolarize |
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Term
| the stretching of blood vessels provides what? |
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Definition
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| when stomach walls are stretched it means.. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| are epithial cells. deformable cilia resembles hair. ion channels open and close when cilia bends which changed membrane potential. frequency is influenced by bending as well. |
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Term
| what does the membrane potential change in hair cells influence? |
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Definition
| the fussion of neurotransmitter containted in vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
| are found in the vertbrate ear and equilibrium organs. also in the body surface of fish and some amphibians |
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Term
| two types of skin receptors |
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Definition
| meissner's corpuscles and pacinian corpuscles |
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Term
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Definition
| this skin receptor senses touch and light pressure and lies just beneath the skin surface |
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Term
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Definition
| this skin recepetor is located much deeper beneath the skin surface and respinds to deep presure and vibration |
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Term
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Definition
| this system is found in fish and amphibians |
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Term
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Definition
| this system is made of hair cells that dtect changes in water currents. the ciia of hair cells protrude into capula structure within the system canal. |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to detect and interpret sound waves |
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Term
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Definition
| distance from one peak of sound wave to the other |
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Term
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Definition
| # of complete waves in a second |
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Term
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Definition
| short wavelengths have high frenquencies perceived as |
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Definition
| long wavelengths have lower frequencies percieved as a |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer, middle, and inner ear make up the what? |
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Term
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Definition
| pinna and auditory canal seperated from middle and inner ear by eardrum |
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Term
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Definition
| ossicle bones connect ear drum to oval window |
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Term
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Definition
| cochleal and vestibular system |
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Term
| movement of sound through the ear |
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Definition
| sound waves enter the outer ear. tympanic membrane vibrates back and forth. ossicles transfer vibrations through cochlea. waves travel from bestibular canal and dissipate against round window |
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Term
| transduction of sound in the corti organ |
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Definition
| mechanical forces transduced into electrical signals by corti organ. hair bening in one direction triggers neurotransmitters to be released |
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Term
| equilibrium or proprioception |
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Definition
| ability to sense the position, orientation and movement of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| what do many aquatic invertbrates use to send positional information? |
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Term
| vestibular system in vertebrates |
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Definition
| located in inner ear next ot cochlea.the utricle and saccule detect linear movments of head. when head moves inertia casuses calcium carbonate otoliths to lag behind and bend cilia changing the membrane potential |
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Term
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Definition
| dectection of radiation within a wide range of electromagnetec spectrum |
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Term
| example of electromagnetic sensing |
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Definition
| fish detect electrical signals form other fish, a platypus bill can detect electrical currents from prey, homing pigeons use magnetite to navigate |
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Term
| Semicircular canals detect motion in 3 dimensions |
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Definition
Hair cells embedded in gelatinous cupula
When head moves, fluid in the canal shifts in the opposite direction, pushing on cupula and bending hair cells
Each canal oriented in one of 3 planes |
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Term
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Definition
| detect photons of light arriving from the sun or other light sources |
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Term
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Definition
| unit of electromagnetic radiation with properties of a particle and a wave |
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Term
| examples of photoreception |
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Definition
| planaria, compound eyes of arthropods adn some annelids, echinoderms, single lens eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| eye dots are pits of photo reception. eyecup of nerve endings detect presnece or absence of light. layer of pigment casts shadows so it can detect the direction of light. no visual image |
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Term
| compound eyes of arthropods and some annelids |
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Definition
| each light detechion unit make up one facet. lens and crystaline cone focus light |
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Term
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Definition
| light detects in compound eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| eye spot with lens.photo receptors underneath eye spot. lens are transparent function |
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Term
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Definition
| found in vertebrates and some mollusc. light is transmitted through pupil to retina at the back of the eye. photoreceptors trigger electrical changes in neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| strong outer connective tissue sheath |
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Definition
| continuous with sclera but thin and clear |
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Definition
| pigmented smooth muscle that controls the size of the pupil |
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Definition
| admits light causing lense to focus and project onto retina |
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Term
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Definition
| two types of receptor cells in the human eye |
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Term
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Definition
| green colored, sensitive to low intensity of light do not discriminate color |
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Definition
| blue colored, require more light for stimulation, detect color |
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Term
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Definition
| fewer blank than blank in the human retina |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuron. outsegment contains pigments and inner sgement contains nucleus and other oranelles. |
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Term
| snaptic terminal( in rod cell structure) |
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Definition
| neurotransmitter filled vesicles fuse w/ membrane, interact w/ postsynaptic neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| VA derivative that absorbs light energy |
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Term
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Definition
| protein in visual pigments |
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Term
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Definition
| rhodopsin and cone pigments |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| humans have 3( red blue and green) photopsin . some species have less and birds have 5 |
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Definition
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Definition
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| 2 types of chemoreception |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| body cavity with a single opening to the outside |
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Term
| basic components of the circulatory sys. |
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Definition
| blood vessels, stransport fluid, one or more pumps |
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Term
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Definition
| found in arthropods and some mollusk. vessels connected to heart open into the animals body cavity |
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Term
| in open circ. sys. how are nutrients and metabolic waste exchanged? |
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Definition
| by diffusion between hemolyph and body cells |
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Term
| limitation of open circ. sys. |
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Definition
| hemolyph cannot be selectively directed to different tissues and areas of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| blood and interstial fluid are physically seperated and only certain components exchange through them |
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Term
| closed circ. sys is found in what animals?ann |
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Definition
| annelids cephalopods and all vertebrates |
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Term
| common features of closed circ. sys. |
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Definition
| blood remains in vessels, small solutes and water can move between vessels and interstial fluid. |
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Term
| 2 patterns of circulation foun in animals |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| oxygenated and deoxygenated blood seperates into 2 distinct circuits, systemic circ. to the body |
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Term
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Definition
| rely on lungs and highly permeable skin to obtain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide |
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Term
| pulmocutaneous circ and systemic circ |
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Definition
| heart pumps blood to either one or two places |
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Term
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Definition
| respiratory surfaces of lungs and skin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| blood thats been through the body and is low in oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| seperates atria and ventricles |
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Term
| systemic or pulmonary veins and into atrium |
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Definition
| blood into through blank and goes into blank |
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Term
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Definition
| conduct blood away form the heart layers of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue around smooth endothelium |
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Term
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Definition
| branches of arteries, thin walls , lack thick layer of connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| smalles narowest and thinniest walled vessels in body. site of gas and nutrient/ waste exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| thinner and les elastic than arteries |
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Term
| adaptive capabilites of vascular sys. |
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Definition
| sys must adapt to changing conditions- sleep feeding sudden activity and emergencies.blood can be routed to different areas in proportion to their need for oxygen and nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| blood enters capillary on arteriole end under blank pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| prompted by breathing carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange between air and blood |
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Term
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Definition
| move carbon dioxide and oxygen between blood and cells in tissue |
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