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| all animals share similarities in which they: |
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Definition
| exchange materials with surroundings, obtain energy from organic nutrients, synthesize complex molecules, duplicate themselves(reprod.), detect and respond to aignals in their immediate enviroment |
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| cell walls, phtotsynethis |
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| rapid coordinated movement |
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| used in pursuit of food or avoidance of predators |
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| specialized cells of a given type cluster together to perform a specific function |
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| 4 main groups of animal tissue |
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| muscle, nervous tissue, and connective |
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| skeletal, smooth, and cardiac |
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| attached to bone or exoskeleton for locomotion and voluntary control |
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| surrounds hollow tubes and cavities for propulsion of contents, involuntary control |
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| only in hearts involuntary control |
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| intiates and conducts electrical signals from one part of the animals body to another. causes muscles to contract and glands to release chemicals |
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| sheets of densely packed cells that cover the body of indiviual organs and line the wall of the body cavity. protect, provide permeability, and secrete or absorb materials. rest on basal lamina or basement membrane( secreted extracellular matrix) |
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| includes blood fat bone cartilage |
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| connective tissue functions |
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| provides scaffold for attachment, protects and cushions, gives mechanical strength, transmit mechanical forces |
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| composed of two or more kinds of tissues, organized together to provide coordinated functions |
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| intracellular and extracellular |
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| fluid between cells outside vessels |
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| any substance consumed by an animal that is needed for growth development tissue repair and reproduction |
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| small molecules are often transported from area of digestion to animals circ. sys. |
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| transport work, mechanical work, chemical work |
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| ATP energy can be usd for: |
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| one side of membrane to another |
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| physical movement muscles. motor protein |
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| can be used as chemical building blocks( sugar amino acid) or as cofactors and coenzymes |
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| carbs, proteins, lipids, nucliec acid, vitamins |
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| phosphate, potassium, sodium, calcium, iron |
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| 4 groups of essential nutrients |
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| amino acids, vitamins, fatty acids, minerals |
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Term
8 ess. amino acids for animals
( cannot be synthesized by animals own cells) |
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Definition
| isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalamine, therona, tryptophan, valive |
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| intracellular and extracellular |
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| intracellular digestion( sponges) |
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Definition
| break down of materials that rely in cells, takes in tiny bits of food |
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| occurs in body cavitity, allows larger food particles to be taken in |
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| single elongated tube with entry and exit ends, musclular action propels food in one direction through the sys, lined by epithial cells sythesize and secrete digestive enzymes secrete hormones. an integrated organ sys. |
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| teeth( dentition) and tongue |
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Definition
| aid in breaking food into smaller pieces and swallowing |
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| released by salivary glands, moistens and lubricates food, dissolved food particles help to activate tast and increase digestive enzymes |
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| enzyme in saliva kills ingested bacteria |
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| regulates movement of food into esophagus |
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| transmits food from pharynx to stomach |
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| for storage and softenging not digestion( found in birds and many invertebrates |
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| secreted by parietal cells in walls of pits kills microbes dissolves particular matter |
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| secreted by chief cells in walls of pit , inactive form converted to pepsin to begin protein digestion |
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| digestive processes and churning reduces food to... |
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| stomach muscles and plyoric sphincter |
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| regulate rate of emptying into small intestine |
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Definition
| herbivores lack this in order to help diggest cellulose, they rely on microbes instead |
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| parts of a ruminant complex stomach |
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| forestomach, abomasum, omasum |
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| 3 lower esophageal pouches |
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| absorbs some of the water and salts from food |
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| treu stomach, eventually food microbes enter, contains acid and proteolytic enzymes |
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| digestive enzymes are found on here or are secreted into lumen |
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| the internal surface epithilium that is folded |
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| finger like projections on mucosal surface, each has capillaries |
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| nutrients other than fat that is absorbed |
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| allows for larger fat particles to enter, eventually dumped into blood |
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| epithelial cells are covered with this which creates a brush order |
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| villi and microvilli surface area increase 600 fold |
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| increases likelihood of encountering digestive enyzmes and being absorbed |
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| houses cellulose digesting microbes |
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| expressed as membrane proteins on the walls of the intestine |
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| secreted into lumen and on lumenal surfaces |
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| secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ion rich fluid released into small intestine |
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| neutralizes acidic stomach chyme as it enters small intestine |
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| carbonate ions and bile salt |
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| primary function is to store and concetrate fecal matter and absorb some salt and water |
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| larger intestine structure |
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| ascending ,transverse, and descending segments. terminal portion of alimentary canal- rectum and anus |
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| cells in the nervous sys. that use electrical empulses to transmit signals to other cells and regions of the body |
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| contains nucleus and many other cellular organelles |
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| multiply branching short fibrous extensions of plasma membrane, may be single, transmit incoming electrical signals |
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| longer fibrous extensions of plasma membrane typically single but can branch |
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| sensory, motor, and interneurons |
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| detects stimuli from external world or internal body condition, act as sensory receptors or interact with sensory receptors |
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| in verterbrates send signals away from CNS to elicit response |
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| involves all 3 types of neurons stimulus form sensory neurons sent to CNS , little or no interpretation signal transmitted to motor neurons to elicit response |
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| 10-1000 more numerous than neurons |
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| astrocyte, microglial, radial glia, oligodendrocytes |
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| metabolic support and protect |
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| form tracks for neuronal migration |
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| voltage across cell membranes, diff in charge inside and outside the cell |
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| acts as a barrier seperating charges ions concentrations differ between the inside and outside cell |
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| formed by oligodendrocytes and schwann cells |
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| records voltage difference between microelectrodes inside and outside the neuron |
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| resting membrane potential |
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| when neurons are not sending signals |
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Definition
| combined effects of electrical and chemical gradients determine how ions move across the membrane |
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Definition
| cell membrane potential becames less negative inside of cell . gated channels open allowing Na+ to flow in and membrane potiential becomes more positive |
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Definition
| cell membrane becomes more polarized k+ moves out of cell causing it to become less positive |
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Definition
| open and closed in response to voltage changes |
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Definition
| open and close in response to ligands or chemcals that bind to protein |
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Definition
| small amplitude depolarization or hyperpolarization amplitude depends on strength of stimulis |
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Definition
| always the same large amplitude depolarized |
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Definition
| broad axons provide less resistance and action potential moves faster |
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Definition
| capacity to generate and conduct electrical signals |
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Definition
| biological basis for learning, consciousness and memory |
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| junction between nerve terminals |
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| sends signals to synaptic cleft and post synaptic cell |
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| neurotransmitter acts as a signal from presynaptic to postsynapic cell |
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| ions freely flow through gap juncgtions form cell to cell |
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| excitatory postsynaptic potential |
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Definition
| brings membrane closer to threshold potential opening of ligand sodium channels |
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| inhibitory postsynaptic potential |
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Definition
| takes membrane farther from threshold potential openign ligand gated potassium channels |
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