Term
| The 2 Communication Systems in the Body |
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Definition
| Nervous System, Endocrine System |
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Term
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Definition
| The chief coordinating agency for all systems; uses electrical impulses to relay information; fast / immediate actions |
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Definition
| The chemical communication system in the body; slower actions and results than the nervous system |
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Term
| Structural Divisions of the Nervous System (2) |
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Definition
| Central Nervous System (CNS), Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Definition
| The brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| A bundle of cell bodies inside the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| A fiber bundle located within the central nervous system (CNS); sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
| The cranial and spinal nerves; 2 Divisions: Afferent & Efferent |
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Term
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Definition
| 12 pairs, which carry impulses to and from the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| 31 pairs, which carry information to and from the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| Describing something being conducted toward the center |
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Term
| Afferent Division of the PNS |
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Definition
| Made up of sensory neurons which conduct information to the CNS (brain and spinal cord) |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes something being conducted away from the center |
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Term
| Efferent Division of the PNS |
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Definition
| Made up of motor neurons which conduct information from the CNS (brain and spinal cord); includes the Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System |
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Term
| Functional Divisions of the Nervous System (2) |
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Definition
| Somatic Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System |
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Term
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Definition
| Controlled voluntarily; all its effectors are skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Involuntary; its effectors control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands |
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Term
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Definition
| Any tissue or organ that carries out a nervous system command |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| Division of the ANS; stimulating, active, aware; 'fight, flight or fright', but does not necessarily indicate danger |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System: Signs |
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Definition
| Muscle tension, muscle tenderness, ticklishness, incr. heart rate, pupil dilation |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| Division of the ANS; reverses the stress response ('fight or flight'); calming, accepting, allowing |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System: Signs |
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Definition
| Yawns, twitching, nausea, headache, smiling, slow heart rate, pupil constriction |
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Term
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Definition
| The central and peripheral nervous system make up all of this type of tissue in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell bodies that provide relay points and intermediary connections between different structures, such as the CNS and PNS |
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Term
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Definition
| A fiber bundle located within the peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains only motor fibers conducting impulses away from the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains only sensory fibers conducting impulses toward the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Most cranial and all spinal nerves, containing both sensory and motor fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| Connective tissue around a nerve fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| Connective tissue around a fascicle |
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Term
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Definition
| Connective tissue around a whole nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| An organization of nerve fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| The functional cell of the nervous system |
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Term
| Sensory Neuron (Afferent) |
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Definition
| Conduct impulses to the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| Conduct impulses from the CNS (brain & spinal cord) to muscles and glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relay information within the CNS (brain & spinal cord) |
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Term
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Definition
| Dendrites; receive the stimulus that begins a neural pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuron fibers that conduct impulses to the cell body; receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The nucleus and other organelles typically found in cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuron fibers that conduct impulses away from cell body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Branches at the end of an axon |
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Term
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Definition
| The junction at which a nerve impulse is transmitted, usually from the axon of one cell to the dendrite of another cell, via neurotransmitters; includes the synaptic knob, the synaptic cleft and the receptor of the other structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located at the end of an axon, this stores the neurotransmitters used to transfer an impulse from a cell to another structure |
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Term
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Definition
| Tiny gap between cells; an impulse must travel across this gap using neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical, stored in the synaptic knob, which is released from a presynaptic cell to carry an impulse across the synapstic cleft to the receptor of the postsynaptic cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The cell that is transmitting an impulse to another cell (at the synapse) |
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Term
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Definition
| The cell that is receiving an impulse from another cell (at the synapse) |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter that functions in the ANS |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter that functions in the ANS |
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Term
| Norepinephrine / Noradrenaline |
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter that functions in the ANS |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter that functions in the ANS |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that support and protect neurons; continue to multiply throughout life |
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Term
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Definition
| Greek word meaning 'glue' |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that protect the body by ingesting foreign particles; Phago- = to eat or devour; -cyte = cell |
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Term
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Definition
| In the PNS, they produce the myelin insulation for axons; each cell covers only 1 axon |
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Term
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Definition
| A fatty material that insulates and protects some axon fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| Outermost membrane of Schwann cells; this is part of the mechanism by which some peripheral nerves repair themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spaces between the myelin sheath of an axon that speed impulse conduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar in function to a Schwann Cell (insulation), this neuroglia is found in the CNS and can extend much farther to cover multiple axons |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of white fibers, which are myelinated (insulated) axons; found in the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-myelinated axons (non-insulated) found in the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| How a neuron conducts an impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| The electrical changes that occur as a resting neuron is stimulated and transmits a nerve impulse (compare to an electric current through a wire) |
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Term
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Definition
| The stimulation of a resting neuron causes depolarization and repolarization which travels along the neuron. |
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Term
| Resting Potential / Membrane Potential |
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Definition
| The electrical charge carried in the plasma membrane of a resting (unstimulated) neuron; see Resting State and Polarization |
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Term
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Definition
| When the ions in a neuron are in polarization, the neuron has resting potential before a stimulus creates an action potential; at the end of an action potential sequence, the neuron returns to its resting state |
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Term
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Definition
| At rest, the ions inside the plasma membrane are negative, the ions outside are positive; the separation creates a potential for generating energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Any electrical, chemical or mechanical force that can start an action potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| Electrically charged particles (negative or positive) |
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Term
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Definition
| A sudden change in the electrical charge on a cell membrane (+ & - ions change place) which spreads along the membrane |
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Term
| Action Potential Sequence |
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Definition
| Resting state, (stimulus), depolarization, repolarization, resting state. |
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Term
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Definition
| Action Potential, Step 1: A stimulus causes positive ions to enter the plasma membrane, raising its charge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Action Potential, Step 2: The electrical charge of a cell returns to its resting state - positive ions move outside the plasma membrane, negative ions inside |
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Term
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Definition
| Relates to Action Potential Sequence: 1.) Rest (Na+ concentrated outside membrane); 2.) Depolarization (Na+ enters cell); 3.) Repolarization (Sodium-Potassium Pump activates); 4.) Rest (Na+ back to original place outside the cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| Relates to Action Potential Sequence: 1.) Rest (K+ concentrated inside membrane); 2.) Depolarization (No change in K+); 3.) Repolarization (Sodium-Potassium Pump activates); 4.) Rest (Na+ back to original place outside the cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| During repolarization: 1.) Sodium Ions (Na+) and Potassium Ions (K+) are both concentrated inside the cell; 2.) The cell membrane allows K+ to leave the cell by diffusion (the cell is trying to balance itself; see diffusion definition); 3.) To return to it's resting state, the cell forces Na+ back out and draws K+ back in; this returns the cell to its original polarization |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances naturally flow from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| The minimum amount of stimulus needed to cause a response (such as in a muscle) |
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Term
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Definition
| If a motor neuron hits the threshold stimulus, all muscle cells will contract 100% (in the motor unit); otherwise it will not contract at all. |
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Term
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Definition
| The more you do something, the less stimuli needed to create the same effect |
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Term
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Definition
| The opposite of facilitation; something that reduces the chance that a nerve impulse will occur |
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