Term
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Definition
act designed to repay as an injury in kind
revenge |
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Definition
series of retaliation
victims family |
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Definition
| custom of atonement for wrongs against a victim by payment to appease victims family |
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| paying restitution for crime to both ther victim and the crown |
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Definition
| "eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth" |
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Definition
| status of a living person equivalent in its legal consequences to natural death, loss of rights and powers as if dead |
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Definition
| directive that the offender must make peace with god through repentence and atonement |
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Definition
severe questioning for heresy
roman catholicism |
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Definition
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Definition
| birdcage-like instrument put on offender's head with sharp plates that would cut tongues and mouths of gossipers |
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Definition
| device for whipping and flogging |
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Definition
one of the major terms describing eternal law
common good |
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Term
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Definition
| legal theory that there are laws that occur naturally and across all cultures |
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Definition
| laws that are enacted by human beings |
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Definition
| looks at the reasons for and consequences of crime |
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Definition
| early place of confinement in rome using primitive dungeons built under the main sewer |
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Definition
| asylum that placed the wrongdoer in seclusion or arrest in cities |
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Definition
| workhouse created for the employment and housing of london's unemployed or underemployed working classes |
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Term
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Definition
| philosophic movement of the 18th century marked by a rejection of traditional social, religious, and political ideas. emphasis on rationalism |
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Definition
| founder of the classical school of criminology |
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Term
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Definition
| approach to understanding crime and social policy for offenders |
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Term
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Definition
| crime rate would go down if the amount of punishment were carefully calibrated to deter potential offenders and maximize pleasure |
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Term
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Definition
betham
main objective of an intelligent person is to maximize pleasure while minimizing pain |
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Term
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Definition
| enlgish high sheriff who was so appalled by jail conditions that he undertook a crusade to improve places of detention |
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Term
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Definition
| house of correction for persons guilty of minor law violations; sometimes referred to as a "poorhouse" |
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Term
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Definition
| places of confinement in england for persons held in lawful custody; specifically such a place unde rthe jurisdiction of a local government for the confinement of persons awaiting trial or those convicted of minor crimes |
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Term
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Definition
| to remove by authority from a state or country; the sentence to case out of a local residence or country due to criminal behavior on the offender's part |
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Term
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Definition
| legal sentence requiring the banishment of the offender to a different location; act of transporting that offender to another country |
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Term
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Definition
| abandoned transport ships used to confine criminals |
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Term
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Definition
belgian workhouse for beggers and miscreants
designed to make a profit by putting criminals to work |
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Term
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Definition
belgian workhouse for beggers and miscreants
designed to make a profit by putting criminals to work |
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Term
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Definition
belgian workhouse for beggers and miscreants
designed to make a profit by putting criminals to work |
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Term
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Definition
| corrections facility designed for incorrigible boys and youth |
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Term
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Definition
| quaker leader who created state of pennsylvania and a system of justice that required compensation of victims and repentance to restore the offender to god's grace |
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Definition
| body of laws of the quakers that saw hard labor as a more effective punishment than death for crimes and one that demanded compensation to victims |
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Term
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Definition
| originally a deternetion vcenter in which inmated could do penance and reptent or turn away from crime |
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Term
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Definition
| first penitentiary created in philadeplphia by quakers |
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Term
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Definition
| system of prison discipline using isolation or solitary confinement with both a work requirement and moral and religious instruction |
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Term
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Definition
| system of prison discipline using isolation or solitary confinement with both a work requirement and moral and religious instruction |
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Term
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Definition
| early prison system requiring inmate silence, individual cells, and inmate labor |
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Term
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Definition
| prison cells attached to a corridor with the back of the cell extending outward toward a peripheral wall |
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Term
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Definition
| prison facility designed on the pennsylvania system with rows of individual cells attached to corridors and outside cells |
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Term
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Definition
| prison cells that do not touch the outside walls of the cell block |
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Term
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Definition
| prison model consisting of small individual cells, large work area for group labor, and enforced silence |
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Term
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Definition
| multitier living cells usually stacked one atop the other, built within a hollow building and not touching exterior walls |
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Term
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Definition
| prison modeled on the auburn system with inmate work and fdeeding done enmasse, silence |
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Term
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Definition
| prison designed to enforce penitence and prisoner anonymity, with individual manual labor in inmate cells |
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Term
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Definition
| prison administrator usually using harsh punishments to reinforce institutional rules |
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Term
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Definition
| absense of speech between inmates within early prisons |
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Term
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Definition
| lines of inmates marching closely behind their leader, with hands on top of shoulders or under the armpits. requires shuffling and mutreness in march from one another of the prison |
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Term
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Definition
| prison uniforms within horizontal black bands and white stripes |
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Term
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Definition
| a mill worked nby inmates treading on the periphery of a wide wheel having a horizontal axis and used in prison as apunihment |
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Term
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Definition
| punishment program requiring isolation of an inmate in a cell, aka "prison within a prison" |
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Term
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Definition
| period of confinement with specified minimum and maximum length, allowing a parole board to release the inmatre when rehab achieved |
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Term
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Definition
| prison management scheme with multiple stages of control, allowing the inmate to earn higher stages until released when penitence was achieved |
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Term
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Definition
| certificate issued by the warden certifying the offender has permission to leave the facility but which does not represent parole |
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Term
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Definition
| a prisoner release scheme that allows the penitent inmate to be released to the community under specific conditions that can be revoked; parole |
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Term
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Definition
| institution for younger offenders that requires education and training, conditional relase, and revocation of parole |
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Term
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Definition
| first superintendent of elmira reformatory, who implemented reduction of recidivism through educational programs |
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Term
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Definition
| hiring of inmates to perform work details managed by private entrepreneurs, either while out of or still incarcerated in prison |
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Term
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Definition
| any penal institution whose main objective is the use of inmate labor to produce marketable products for prison profit |
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Term
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Definition
| federal legislation that forbids the manufacture and transportation of prison goods by convicts and prisoners |
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Term
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Definition
| federal legislation that forbids the manufacture and transportation of prison goods by convicts and prisoners |
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Term
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Definition
| federal legislation requiring "reuth of manufacturing, transportation, and interstate shipment of prison-made goods" by requirement that the packages be plainly and clearly marked |
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Term
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Definition
| first director of US bureau of prisons |
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Term
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Definition
| supermax island prison for inmates in san fran aka "the rock" |
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Term
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Definition
overconcentration of prison admin with security and community protectio
extensive use of locks, headcounts, and internal contrl of inmates |
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Term
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Definition
| irrational fear of prison inmates who can only be managed through head counts, locking, and recounting |
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Term
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Definition
| correctional overseer who investigates reported complaints, reports dinfinsds, and helps to achieve equitable entitlements |
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Term
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Definition
| CJ program focusing on reducing drug trafficking, sale, use, manufacturein |
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Term
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Definition
| systematic body of ideas and practices |
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Term
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Definition
| systematic body of ideas and practices |
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Term
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Definition
| systematic body of ideas and practices that pertain to the processing of offenders |
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Term
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Definition
| painful sanction applied to the offender, who is seen as an enemy of society |
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Term
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Definition
| crime prevention through treatment of offenders and inmates to rehabilitate such offenders |
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Term
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Definition
| avoidance or reduction of criminal behavior using methods and programs that contribute to crime prevention |
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Term
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Definition
| getting even with the offender who has violated the rights of others and deserves to be punished |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent of crime control by incapacitation, threat of punishment, or announced potential criminal sanction |
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Term
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Definition
| preventing potential criminal behavior by making examples of offenders openly; the message here would be, see what will hapen to you if tyou commit crime |
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Term
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Definition
| preventing potential criminal behavior by making examples of offenders openly; the message here would be, see what will hapen to you if tyou commit crime |
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Term
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Definition
| punishing individual offenders to prevent their further criminal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| effect of labeling, interference with ordinary social functioning, and resulkting diminishment of offender |
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Term
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Definition
| depriving offenders of the ability to commit additional crime, usually through prison |
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Term
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Definition
| preventing offenders from commision of more crime through isolation, death, banishment, or mutilation |
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Term
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Definition
| incapacitating high-risk offenders believed to pose substantial probability of additional crime, usually through imprisonment |
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Term
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Definition
| continued criminal activity following initial law-breaking behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| literally means using treatment to restore an offender to levels og social functioning nmot yet attained |
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Term
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Definition
| offenders are unfortunate person whose education, training, and discipline are inadequate; offenders should be sent to an educational penal institution to reform |
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Term
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Definition
| correctional approach seeking to provide crime prevention by education, emphasizing vocational and educational skills, and teaching inmates to discipline themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| correctional approach seeking to provide crime prevention by education, emphasizing vocational and educational skills, and teaching inmates to discipline themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| correctional approach seeking to provide crime prevention by education, emphasizing vocational and educational skills, and teaching inmates to discipline themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| model that sees the causes of crime as lying within the individyual, and stresses providing treatment and therapy until the offender is well |
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Term
| inderterminate sentencing |
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Definition
| judge imposes a minimum and maximum period of incarceration tume under the assumotion that a parole board will identify the maximum benefit from imprisonment and release |
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Term
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Definition
| doctrine that assumes crimes are caused by the community, with the assumption that community resources should be garnered and provided by local agencies to prevent recidivism |
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Term
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Definition
| early sociologist who believed that crime in some form was an inevitable accompaniement to society |
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Term
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Definition
| a mode lof corrections based on the assumption that the offender should be reintegrated into the community through existing and potential community services |
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Term
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Definition
| minimizing offender processing through the justice system by imposing treatment, supervision, and referral of offenders to service providers outside of the justice system |
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Term
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Definition
| belief that offenders should be punished to prevent criminal recidivism |
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Term
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Definition
| punishment intended to repair the damages done by the offenders crimes against the victim and community |
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Term
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Definition
| judge-imposed fixed term of incarceration with the expectation the inmate will serve that amount of time |
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Term
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Definition
relatively minor violation of law
punishable by no more htan 1 yr in confinment |
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Term
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Definition
serious criminal violation
at least one year in prison |
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Term
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Definition
| defendant agrees to plead guilty for prosecutorial consideration |
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Term
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Definition
| punishment imposed by a judge that has both a min and max period |
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Term
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Definition
| difference between both the types and lengths of sentences imposed for the same crime or seriousness of crimes when there is no legal basis that can be identified to explain this difference |
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Term
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Definition
| sentencing ideology that stresses that any punishment to be applied must be dependent on the culpability of the offender and the seriousnes of the crime |
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Term
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Definition
| document prepared by agent of the court that investigates the offender's background for judicial determination of punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| petition to higher courts to reverse procedures and protect offenders based on due processes issues |
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Term
| administrative sentencing |
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Definition
length of sentence is leftr up to admin of correctional system
good -time credit, probation, parole, and program participation |
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Term
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Definition
| flat sentence of punihsment imposed by sentencing court |
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Term
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Definition
| system of sentencing that imposes a predefined sentence length based on prior criminal activity |
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Term
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Definition
| admin mechanism rerducing sentence length by creditin ginmates for good behavior, extra work, or other statutoty processes |
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Term
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Definition
| appeal court order requiring change in the trial court's legal decision on guilt or other rights |
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Term
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Definition
| a sentencing mechanism fixed by a sentencing commission or legislature that identifies max and min sentences for punishment to be imposed by the judge, but permitting adjustment for special circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| discouraging the individual and publics propensity to commmit additional crimes by imposition of harsh punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| violation of civil rights of the accused that leads to incapacitation or other unjustified punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| legal requirement that constitutional rights of the accused and correctional clients will conform to guaranteed constritutional protection minimums |
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Term
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Definition
| raising additional legal questions in other curts before case disposition |
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Term
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Definition
| raising additional legal questions in other curts before case disposition |
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Term
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Definition
| second trying of a suspected offender for the same crime as originally charged |
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Term
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Definition
| highest appeal court having jurisdiction within that particular geographical area |
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Term
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Definition
| any higher court with postconviction authority; any court authorized to treat with contempt decisions made by the lower court |
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Term
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Definition
| appeal court's order to cease acting, operating, or arranging in a manner contrary to the usual |
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Term
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Definition
| to send a case back to the tier of fact for considerations not contrary to the appeal court's order |
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Term
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Definition
| appeal court's decision that due processes have not been violated by the government |
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Term
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Definition
| judicial order demanding that another person holding an inmate to produce the same in court, and to justify continued imprisonment |
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Term
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Definition
| rights defined in the US constitution or accorded through judicial decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| judicial order requiring the recipient to conform to the courts decision |
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Term
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Definition
| court sentence to release the offender to the community under supervision, with possible revocation of sentence is conditions warrant |
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Term
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Definition
| court sentence to release the offender to the community under supervision, with possible revocation of sentence is conditions warrant |
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Term
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Definition
| court determination to stop some formal processing of an offender, primarily stopping prosecution, not pronouncing a determination of guilt, or court not requiring a sentence |
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Term
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Definition
| privilege to avoid punishment by the offender's relocation to a sacred city or location |
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Term
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Definition
| exclusion of offenders from the death penalty if able to read particular segments of ancient texts |
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Term
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Definition
| a mark of shame and disgrace attached to the offender by virtue of his or her having committed an offense |
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Term
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Definition
| a suspended sentence in european countries requiring no future punishment provided the offender remains crime-free during a specified time period |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| presentence investigation report (PSI_ |
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Definition
| document that results from an investigation undertaken by a court-authorized officer or agency, designed to procide information on th edefendant so the judge can make an informed sentencing decision |
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Term
| risk and needs assessment |
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Definition
| instruments used to determine the probability of recidivism or future criminal behavior |
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Term
| special conditions of probation |
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Definition
| additional punishments ordered by the courts to probationers, such as fines, electronic monitoring, and house arrest |
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Term
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Definition
| probation sentence change due to charges that the offender violated the urles imposed by the court, but not by committing a new crime |
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Term
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Definition
| change of sentence from probation to another correctional control status, due to violation of the conditions of probation |
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Term
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Definition
| us supreme court decision that held pronbation is a priviledge, not a right |
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Term
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Definition
| offender is placed on probation for committing a felony |
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Term
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Definition
| concept that the probation officer is asked to communicate with victims and the community, hold the offender accountable, and improve the leadership of probatiom |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment strategy serving to prepare for, intervene in, or control an expected occurrence or situation by offenders on probation, especially a negative or difficult one |
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Term
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Definition
| options for controlling the number of inmates being sent to prison |
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Term
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Definition
| strategies for reducing prison population overcrowding by early release programs, such as parole, shjock parole, and good time credits |
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Term
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Definition
| mininmizing penetration into the CJ system through police, community, or court programs |
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Term
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Definition
| requiring defendants awaiting trial to report to a supervision officer |
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Term
| treatment in lieu of conviction |
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Definition
| diversion offered to offenders in which successful copletion of probation allows the prosecutor or judge to cease prosecution if treatment program results in no conviction |
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Term
| community corrections acts |
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Definition
| legislation that funds local community correctional programs designed to divert offenders from prison |
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Term
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Definition
| correctional programs that fall somewhere between probation and prison |
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Term
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Definition
| facility to which offenders are sent for scheduling and monitoring of their activities |
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Term
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Definition
| requirement that offender repay the victim |
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Term
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Definition
| being confined to one's home except when permission is granted to leave |
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Term
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Definition
| tracking of offender whereabouts electronically |
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Term
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Definition
| strategies designed to provide increased supervision and surveillance for higher-risk offenders and less-restrictive option for those of lower risk |
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Term
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Definition
| ceasing of criminal behavior by the offender. can also impoly lessing of severity of offenders |
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Term
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Definition
| requirement that offender repay the victim |
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Term
| intensive supervised probation |
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Definition
| intermediate sanction requiring increased supervision for probationers |
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Term
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Definition
| when a judge increases the sanctions and conditions imposed on an offender |
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Term
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Definition
| problem-solving court that requires drug offenders to participate in court-mandated treatment programs |
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Term
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Definition
| requiring offenders to provide service to the community to help repair the harm they have committed |
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Term
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Definition
| sentence whereby offenders serve at leastr some of their sentence in their own domicile |
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Term
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Definition
| community supervision tech that uses elec devices to maintain surveillance |
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Term
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Definition
| designed to give offenders a short taste of prison followed by a supervised probation |
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Term
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Definition
| modeled after military boot camps, offenders are required to engage in strict discipline and a phjysical regiment |
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