Term
| Examples of Secular Terrorism |
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Definition
| LTTE (Tamal Tigers), ETA in Spain, Chechen Rebels, IRA, early PLO, FARC |
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Term
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Definition
| Muslin group in Southern Russia engaged in conflict w/ Russian oficials; outright civil war ended; being referred to as an Islamic cause |
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Term
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Definition
| emerged as communist w/ goal to protect rights of peasants in Colombia; now known as a big drug cartel; one o the largest rebel groups in Colombia |
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Term
| PKK (Kurdish Workers Party) |
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Definition
| predominantly Muslim w/ distinct ethnicity; want their own independent state called Kurdistan; all united by desire for creation of Kurdistan, but it is believed the different cultures wouldn't mesh; the predominant Turkish movement in Turkey; emerged to fight for rights of Kurds in Turkey; will occasionally engage in terrorist activities in larger Turkish cities, but most Kurds are against this |
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Term
| Religious Extremist Terrorism |
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Definition
| political objective is unclear, if present at all; some goals purely religious in nature; view themselves as outsiders; want fundamental change for the whole system; violence often seen as a duty; try to cleanse the existing oder of the "unholy"; tend to dehumanize the enemy and make them seem evil; have unclear hierarchal systems w/ top leaders that inspire rather than command |
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Term
| Examples of Religious Extremist Terrorism |
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Definition
| Hamas, Kahane Chai, Aum Shinrikyo, Hezbollah, Al Qaeda |
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Term
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Definition
| Islamic resistance group in Palestine; very anti-Israel; will use terrorism against Israelis, and against Palestinians who don't support their cause; currently has control of the Gaza Strip and is trying to get the West Bank |
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Term
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Definition
| Jewish extremist group; much smaller and less influential than Palestinian extremist groups |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for the Tokyo subway attack in the 1990s; originally a cult; still exists, but no longer has the goal of bringing about the apocalypse |
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Term
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Definition
| Islamic extremist group of Sunni Muslims; responsible for 9/11 attacks; multinational terrorist network with a worldwide presence; not targeting a single government; established by Osama bin Ladden in 1980s to bring the Arabs together against the Soviets; began to train rebel forces fighting for Muslim causes in in other countries; wants to unite all Muslims and establish a new Caliphate |
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Term
| The Specific Ways Power Has Evolved |
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Definition
| soft power, assymetric power, information power, power of nature, and hard power |
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Term
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Definition
| references the integrated relationship between globalization and its impact on individual, national, or regional security |
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Term
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Definition
| those assets that determine the position of a state relative to its peers in the international system |
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Term
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Definition
| the general reputation of a country in the international system combined with its ability to achieve international outcomes through persuasion rather than military force; can inspire other countries to emulate and align willingly with a particular state |
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Term
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Definition
| a range of actions that do not directly challenge the hard military power of another state, but instead delay, complicate, and increase the costs to that state of using its hard military power |
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Term
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Definition
| the disproportionate capability of weak states and non-state actors to challenge powerful states in the international system, often through use of terrorism and other unconventional means; gets by conventional power by going around the norms of expected behavior; includes relatively small military actions that have dramatic strategic consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| a capacity to engage in international security debates and affect security outcomes facilitated by the enhanced role of the media and high-technology communications for transmitting information |
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Term
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Definition
| get rid of "corrupt" western-influenced governments in Middle East and replace with a single Islamic government, the Caliphate |
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Term
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Definition
| organized much like an empire, historically defined by rulership over all Muslims; part of bin Laden's main goal for Al Qaeda |
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Term
| Religious Goals of Al Qaeda |
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Definition
| martyrdom on earth for God, purification of ranks of Islam from depravity, establish rule of God on earth |
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Term
| Four Main Elements to Structure of Al Qaeda |
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Definition
| Al Qadea Central, Al Qaeda Affiliates and Associates, Al Qaeda Locals, Al Qaeda Network |
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Term
|
Definition
| core leadership in Pakistan/Afghanistan; plan and engage in more professional attacks |
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Term
| Al Qaeda Affiliates and Associates |
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Definition
| persons or terrorist groups who have benefited from Al Qaeda support |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells of followers throughout the world who have some direct contact with Al Qaeda Central; some have previous terrorist experience |
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Term
|
Definition
| home-grown Islamic radicals and local converts; more inspired by Al Qaeda and generally have no direct contact with it |
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Term
| Al Qaeda as a Threat Today |
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Definition
| has a strong hold in Pakistan; created alliances with a wide range of actors; continues to plot and plan terrorist attacks; wars in Iraq and Afghanistan actually inspired Al Qaeda; increasingly relying on Southeast Asian groups for support |
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Term
| Al Qaeda NOT as a Threat Today |
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Definition
| less central overall as part of an Islamic terrorist threat; has suffered many losses in leadership and such; actual terrorist activity declined since 2001; becoming less of a threat, less able to carry out large-scale attacks like the 9/11 attacks |
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Term
| Mumbai Style Terrorist Attacks |
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Definition
| masked gunmen who take civilians hostage and systematically kill them; believed to be planned in Britain, France, and Germany; really easy and cheap to implement and very difficult to stop; very appealing to terrorist groups |
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Term
| State-Sponsered Terrorism |
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Definition
| used to promote the interests of the state; these groups get more money and funding |
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Term
| Countries that Use State-Sponsered Terrorism |
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Definition
| Iran, North Korea, Sudan, Syria, Cuba |
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Term
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Definition
| terrorism for environmental issues and animal rights; worst case, they want to destroy civilization as we know it to protect the planet; emerged in Britain in 1970s, moved to US in 1980s; not a united movement, has no known strong leaders |
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Term
| Animal Liberation Front (ALF) |
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Definition
| US' most active eco-terrorist group; opposed to mistreatment and experimentation of animals; try to economically hurt those who prosper from animal mistreatment |
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Term
| Earth Liberation Front (ELF) |
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Definition
| target those that profit from the destruction of the environment; argue targeting land isn't violence because it's not harming any people; want to preserve the earth from damages caused by humans |
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Term
|
Definition
| failed political economic institutions; they have corrupt leaders who use religion and American policies to draw attention away from their failings; failed ideas because westernization considered the only ways to develop their economies and when it doesn't work it produces a backlash; ineffective economic policies result in unemployment and poor education of many young people who are more prone to then join up with anti-Americanism to take out their frustration on something; weak social and intellectual elite who are unwilling/unable to challenge both leaders and extremists; media that promotes anti-Americanism |
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Term
|
Definition
| countries highly reliant on computer information technology are vulnerable to _______________ __________________ |
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Term
| Individual Security, Privacy |
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Definition
| government control of information technology raises questions about _______________________ and _____________ |
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Term
|
Definition
| because of globalization, the potential for a worldwide outbreak of disease is ______________ |
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Term
|
Definition
| access to water in the future may become a ____________________________ |
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Term
| Human behavior, international security |
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Definition
| _________________ is a significant source of global warming, which could pose one of the most serious threats to _______________________________ ever |
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Term
|
Definition
| an international security problem that combines all elements of global security |
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Term
|
Definition
| assymetric, takes advantage of non-state actors' access to information power; globalized, with religion playing an increasingly important and inspirational role |
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Term
| Liberation TIgers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE/Tamil Tigers) |
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Definition
| the main group responsible for the most suicide attacks globally, and an ideological rather than a religious movement |
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Term
|
Definition
| has become a vital tactical communications and propaganda tool for international terrorist movements; can also be used to spread false info that elevates the level of fear in a society |
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Term
| Most Likely Terrorist Threats |
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Definition
| car bombs, assassinations, suicide bombers |
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Term
| Education for Global Security |
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Definition
| can defeat ignorance, which creates fear, and would allow people to see a realistic perspective about threats and allows for creative problem solving to address them; when there is a deeper understanding of global security concepts, you can better judge what really needs to be worried about |
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Term
| Individual Motives for Trade |
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Definition
| consumers buy foreign products because they are cheaper/better; producers sell products abroad to increase profit and wealth |
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Term
| National and Global Motives for Trade |
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Definition
| exports produce jobs, profits, and revenues; imports increase citizen well-being; lead to a stronger economy; strengthen global cooperation and maintain international peace |
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Term
|
Definition
| productivity, consumption, and material standard of living |
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Term
|
Definition
| a liberal economic theory that opposes government interference with the market; emphasizes that international trade can benefit all nations simultaneously; can maximize global welfare |
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Term
| David Ricardo's Theory of Comparative Advantage |
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Definition
| in trade, no nation need lose for another to win because trade allows total global production to rise; would require efficient allocation of resources; states should produce and export products they make more efficiently relative to other states |
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Term
|
Definition
| governments must regulate trade in order for it to advance various aspects of the national interests |
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Term
|
Definition
| when a nation imports more than it exports; generates a form of indebtedness; provides immediate benefits but risks reducing the standard of living for future generations |
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Term
|
Definition
| nations emphasize minimizing imports; include import restrictions designed to limit the purchase of foreign goods and allow domestic industries to profit more |
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Term
|
Definition
| the most traditional barriers of trade; taxes on imports |
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Term
|
Definition
| raised US tariffs to 59% and is blamed for the spiraling restrictions of other nations that brought the global economy into the Great Depression in the 1930s |
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Term
|
Definition
| simplest industrial policy; government pays domestic firms for each good exported so it can compete with foreign firms |
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Term
| Advantages of Direct Export Subsidy |
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Definition
| decreases unemployment by increasing production; gives firms more leverage in foreign markets by enabling them to compete more; improves balance of trade and avoids trade defecits |
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Term
| Rate International Trade has Grown since WWII |
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Definition
| 6% per year; more rapidly than production |
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Term
| Human Rights Issues, Globalization |
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Definition
| trade issues very closely connected w/ _____________________________ and _____________________ |
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Term
| Liberal Economic Principles |
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Definition
| current global trade system based on this and free trade; emerged as a challenge to mercantilism; believe states don't make efficient economic decisions and should leave it to the market; states trade because other states can make things more effectively |
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Term
| Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade (NTBs) |
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Definition
| quotas, subsidies, boycotts, embargoes |
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Term
|
Definition
| limit amount of goods from specific country for certain amount of time |
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Term
|
Definition
| support given to domestic industries (grants, tax breaks, etc.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| refusing to buy from a certain country |
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Term
|
Definition
| refusing to sell to a certain country |
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Term
|
Definition
| when a state is completely self-sufficient; not an existing state of being anywhere |
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Term
| Geneva Conventions (1949) |
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Definition
| lists the protections that POWs and civilians have during wartime; much more complicated to uphold in peacekeeping missions |
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Term
|
Definition
| historically developed to help keep peace in places where there are warring parties trying to resolve conflicts; military missions given a mandate from the UN Security Council; today, they are more armed, take sides, responsible for rebuilding nations |
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Term
|
Definition
| responsible for maintaining international peace and security |
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Term
|
Definition
| a war crime punishable by international law |
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Term
| International Criminal Court |
|
Definition
| entered in effect in 2002; has jurisdiction in any war crimes from 2002 onward; only has jurisdiction over adults in signatory states |
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Term
| Steps to Unsoldiering a Child Soldier |
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Definition
| disarmament/demobilization; rehabilitation (physical and psychological); reintegration |
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Term
|
Definition
| most barriers to trade harm consumers because they ______________________ |
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Term
|
Definition
| contends that free trade does not decrease employment but shifts it from an inefficient sector to a more efficient one |
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Term
|
Definition
| government regulations concerning _______ can add to production costs, but _______________________ should not be worth eliminating values |
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Term
|
Definition
| maintenance of norms in labor falls to the _____________ |
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Term
| Effects of Trade on National Security |
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Definition
| contributes to national prosperity, which increases national power and enhances security; contributes to the national prosperity of the trade partner, which could become a later political or military rival; makes states torn between cooperating for economic gain and recognizing they also compete for political power |
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Term
| World Trade Organization (WTO) |
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Definition
| convened eight major negotiating sessions since 1946 in which nations exchange reductions in trade barriers; necessary so nations won't keep their trade barriers the same and expect other nations to lower their trade barriers; stationed in Berlin; preceded by the GATT; operates on reciprocity and nondiscrimination |
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Term
|
Definition
| supports the efforts of the WTO by lending money to nations that would otherwise seek trade-limiting solutions to their financial problems; headquartered in DC; head is always an American; created at Bretton Woods; gives long-term loans that fund specific development projects intended to make countries more attractive to private investors; loans given out w/ conditionalities |
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Term
| International Monetary Fund (IMF) |
|
Definition
| facilitates trade by providing a stable monetary system; created at Bretton Woods and headquartered in DC; originally created to stabilize world currencies and now provides short-term loans to countries in financial danger; also provides policy advice and engages in surveillance to make sure countries don't go into a financial crisis; get money from quotas from member states based on the size of their economies; countries that contribute the most have the most decision making power; head is always a European |
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Term
| Ways Free Trade Could Promote Peace |
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Definition
| weaken hold of nationalism and mediate conflict between nations; break down nationalistic hostilities; prevent grievances from developing; constrain armed conflict and foster stability; remove desperation that leads nations to aggression |
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Term
| European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) |
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Definition
| launched in 1951; required different countries to be dependent on others to provide both demand for the final product and part of the supply capacity |
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Term
| Hegemonic Stability Theory |
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Definition
| one dominant nation will usually have to subsidize the organizational costs and will frequently offer side benefits in exchange for cooperation |
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Term
|
Definition
| free trade tends to ______________ many national problems |
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Term
| Capital, Goods, Services, Money |
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Definition
| for the people in any country to prosper, they must have ___________ in the form of _________, _________, and ___________ |
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Term
|
Definition
| through trade, loans, aid, and investments |
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Term
|
Definition
| through payments for goods and services and to reduce debt |
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Term
| Gross National Income (GNI) |
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Definition
| GDP + any foreign income - interest or debt payments |
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Term
|
Definition
| usually signifies direct political control as well as economic control of another group; usually provides home countries with things the home country cannot produce and with a market for home country goods; helped finance wars and personal luxeries as well as considerable industrial development; resulted in capital drain, exploitation, bureaucratic corruption, and ethnic and religious rivalries in the colonies |
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Term
|
Definition
| created strong centralized beaurocratic administrations in the urban areas populated by Europeans; followed European norms of property, individual freedom, civil rights, and justice; founded on racist principles |
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Term
|
Definition
| ceded power in rural areas to local indigenous chieftains and warlords; created deep divisions among ethnic groups, tribes, and villages |
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Term
|
Definition
| ended the formal colonial system |
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Term
|
Definition
| liberal economics, freely flowing capital, and open markets held the keys to a more secure and peaceful world; three basic tasks; resulted in creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) |
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Term
| Basic Tasks of Bretton Woods Agreements |
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Definition
| stabilize all national currencies (achieved with fixed exchange rates); create ways for nations to manage their currencies (done through creation of the IMF); finance the reconstruction of battered European economies (done through creation of International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which became the World Bank) |
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Term
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Definition
| state owns and controls all capital; almost everyone employed directly by the state; government responsible for all its people |
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Term
|
Definition
| all capital owned and controlled privately; incentives for increasing social wealth linked directly with increasing personal wealth; government just acts as a watchdog |
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Term
|
Definition
| efficient (lowers cost of goods and gives access to more and better quality goods); wealth-generating; greater economic interdependence (promotes peace because it makes it costly for states to go to war); help spread human rights |
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Term
|
Definition
| can hurt domestic industries; no insurance that your country will have enough because government can't regulate it; increasing poverty gap |
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Term
|
Definition
| if one country practices free trade, others do it back |
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Term
| Principle of Nondiscrimination |
|
Definition
| can't have discrimination against countries in the WTO |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| everybody else; the developing world |
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Term
|
Definition
| nature of the global economic system makes it ____________ for poor countries to develop |
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Term
| Neoliberal/Export-Led Growth Approach |
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Definition
| seeks to change internal conditions to fuel economic growth; believes if states are to develop they need to be more involved in global economy; dramatically reconstruct economies to allow more export industries and to allow inefficient industries to fail |
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Term
| Virtuous Cycle of Development |
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Definition
| economic growth produces declining inequality, and these two are mutually supportive |
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Term
| State-Led Development Model |
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Definition
| very successful in East Asia; economic development viewed as occurring in very distinct stages; in each stage the government plays a central role and intervenes to identify and support industries that will be profitable in the global market |
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Term
| Phase 1 of State-Led Development Model |
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Definition
| promote labor-intensive light industry |
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Term
| Phase 2 of State-Led Development Model |
|
Definition
| shift emphasis to heavier industries oer time |
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Term
| States that Support State-Led Development Model |
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Definition
| Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore |
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Term
|
Definition
| focuses on effect of development on people, and pursuing a path to development that preserves resources for future generations; "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" |
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Term
| Millennium Development Goals |
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Definition
| a UN initiative; an attempt to promote the idea that development is about human welfare; product of a summit on development held in 2000; has eight goals: 1) eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; 2) achieve universal primary education; 3) promote gender equality and empower women; 4) reduce child mortality; 5) improve maternal health; 6) combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; 7) ensure environmental sustainability; 8) global partnership for development |
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Term
|
Definition
| how much the people have access to their basic needs; individual income; national income; standard of living/purchasing power parity; food intake; Human Development Index |
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Term
|
Definition
| economic measure that estimates the number of dollars required to purchase comparable goods in different countries |
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Term
| Human Development Index (HDI) |
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Definition
| considers life expectancy at birth, educational attainment, and per capita purchasing power; the closer to one a country is, the more developed it is; headed by the UNDP, which collects the data every year and published a new HDI |
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Term
|
Definition
| any money or other aid made available to help states speed up economic development or meet basic humanitarian needs; loans, grants, technical support, credits to purchase goods and services; most comes from developed countries that sit on the Development Assistance Committee |
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Term
| Development Assistance Committee (DAC) |
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Definition
| part of the OECD; consists of many states with a higher HDI number; agreed in 1992 that each would contribute 0.7% of GNI to foreign aid |
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Term
| Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) |
|
Definition
| includes economic and developmental aid, but not military aid |
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Term
|
Definition
| allows world currencies to fluctuate in value |
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|
Term
| Conditionalities of World Bank Loans |
|
Definition
| interest; World Bank's power to decide which projects receive funding; LDCs must remove all tariffs for imports and all subsidies for exports; must develop free open markets |
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Term
| Principle of Comparative Advantage |
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Definition
| if one country has a lower relative cost in producing a certain commodity, then that country should specialize in it |
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Term
| Ways Conditionality Policies put LDCs at a Disadvantage |
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Definition
| land formerly used for food production placed into highly specialized and more mechanized crop production; intense industrialized agriculture demanded specialized products that had to be brought from MDCs and added to debt; planting the same crop over and over degraded fragile ecosystems; LDCs became net importers of food with no national food distribution so food production and hunger both grew; LDCs never realized enough profit from agricultural exports |
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Term
|
Definition
| countries sell the development rights o their own natural resources to private corporations; closely linked with increasing trade liberalization |
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Term
| Money Sent from Emigrant Workers |
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Definition
| a source of aid that doesn't show on government balance sheets |
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|
Term
| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) |
|
Definition
| the value of all goods and services produced within an economy |
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Term
|
Definition
| provide quick measure of an economy's ability to meet people's needs, but is extremely flawed for three reasons |
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Term
|
Definition
| fail to distinguish among types of economic activity; many goods and services generate costs not reflected in their price; many nurturing and creative activities are not included because they are not bought or sold |
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Term
|
Definition
| an effect of globalization in the US; manufacturing jobs disappearing and contributing to a widening income gap and a growing number of working poor; can also be seen at the nation-state level |
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Term
| Economic Growth, Decreasing Inequality |
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Definition
| it is possible to have both ________________ and _______________ if the right policies are in place |
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|
Term
| Broad Categories of Antipoverty Policies |
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Definition
| creating appropriate, effective guidelines for markets; collecting and allocating public resources |
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Term
|
Definition
| if nations are to avoid the low-skills/low-wage trap, their people must be ___________ and ____________________ |
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Term
| Basic Public Health Measures |
|
Definition
| improved healthcare begins with greater attention to ___________________________________________________ |
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Term
| Health Awareness, Health Practices |
|
Definition
| better education for youth leads to improved _______________________ and _________________ for their families on a life-long basis |
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Term
|
Definition
| basic to successful development in most of the poorest nations |
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Term
| Rich-Country Export Subsidies and Developing-Country Discrimination Against Agriculture |
|
Definition
| should be phased out immediately |
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Term
|
Definition
| social, economic, and political structures and processes that enable all members of a society to share in opportunities for education, employment, civic participation, and social and cultural fulfillment as human beings, in the context of a fair distribution of the society's resources among all its citizens |
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Term
|
Definition
| financial benefits given to big businesses and upper class sectors will in turn pass down to smaller businesses, consumers, and lower-class sectors; led to encouragement of capital-heavy industry in poor countries and resulted in a loss of labor-intensive light industries that might have employed the unemployed/underemployed |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s; mostly didn't work; led to formation of the Group of 77; all done to increase the productivity of the male worker, and failed to realize the main worker was female |
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Term
|
Definition
| group of LDCs that banded together during the second Development Decade to promote their own program of action; called for more aid from MDCs, debt moratoriums and other strategies to halt the increasing economic gap, and a monitering system for conduct of multinational corporations |
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Term
| Areas of Women's Special Knowledge Stock |
|
Definition
| lifespan health maintenance; food production, storage, and short- and long-term processing; production of household equipment/housing construction; maintenance of inter-household barter systems; maintenance of kin networks/ceremonials |
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|
Term
| International Women's Year |
|
Definition
| 1975; first real breakthrough for women's rights; became UN International Decade for Women; had themes of equality, development, and peace |
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Term
|
Definition
| women think in terms of ____________ and __________ development |
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Term
| Alternative Development Expertise |
|
Definition
| women bring this to the table; consists of things like investing in tools/water supplies for farmers/craftworkers; making credit available for small improvements; and building local roads, schools, and community centers that can serve many needs |
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Term
|
Definition
| founded by Wangari Maathai; responding to the environmental crisis of deforestation; reforest the land to provide renewable food and resources |
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Term
|
Definition
| countries with women working in the public sphere tend to be more ______________ and _______________ |
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Term
|
Definition
| more female presidents/prime ministers in _______________ countries |
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|
Term
| Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) |
|
Definition
| ensures economic, political, and professional participation of women in 16 countries; index used by the UN |
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|
Term
| Mexico City Conference (1975) |
|
Definition
| first international conference on women; focused on securing equal access for women to education, employment, health services, etc.; objective was to achieve significant change by 1980; agreed development could not occur without women's participation; resulted in the creation of the Commission on the Status of Women |
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|
Term
| Commission on the Status of Women |
|
Definition
| began to draft a women's rights treaty in 1976 and finished it in 1980; treaty was the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women; near universal particpation; initially drafted as a bill but then codified |
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|
Term
| Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women |
|
Definition
| made up of 23 experts on women's rights; member states have to submit regular reports to the committee; also receives reports from women who believe they are having their rights violated and can initiate investigation into those countries |
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Term
| Copenhagen Conference (1980) |
|
Definition
| signed second treaty and discussed what progress had been made |
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|
Term
| Nairobi Conference (1985) |
|
Definition
| concluded the objectives made had still not been met |
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|
Term
| Beijing Conference (1995) |
|
Definition
| emphasized women participating in decision-making; drew unprecedented attention; shifted focus from women's rights as rights of women to women's rights as rights of humans; resulted in the Beijing Platform for Action |
|
|
Term
| Beijing Platform for Action (BPFA) |
|
Definition
| 12 areas intended for concern; address barriers/constraints in those areas; take action to reduce obstacles; looks at women and poverty, women and health, women and armed conflict, women in economy, women in power and decision-making, and institutional mechanisms for advancement of women |
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Term
|
Definition
| the use of small loans given to entrepreneurs too poor to qualify for traditional bank loans; proven to be an effective/popular measure to get cash to local entrepreneurs to get their enterprises up and running; very popular in battling poverty in the poorest nations; a way to encourage development without a macroeconomy |
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Term
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Definition
| created by Mohammad Yunus in Bangladesh in 1976; provides credit to the poorest of the poor in rural Bangladesh; did not require collateral; designed so most of it is actually owned by the borrowers (94%), and remaining 6% is owned by the government of Bangladesh; has 6.67 million borrowers, and 97% of the borrowers are women; emphasized giving loans to women because research suggests that women are much more likely to pay their loans on time and uphold their obligations; loan repayment rate is over 98.85% |
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Definition
| creates a culture of dependency, where the people become so dependent on this aid it doesn’t really and truly help them break free from underdevelopment |
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Definition
| created by UN in 1983 to address growing concern at the time with the accelerating deterioration of the environment and natural resources, and the impact that the environmental deterioration would have on economic and social development |
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Definition
| held in Stockholm, Sweden; emphasized ways the global community could manage its environmental resources; one of the outcomes of this meeting was the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP); agreed states ought to have responsibility for any sort of harm they do to their environment, especially any action/inaction that produces harm outside of their borders |
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Definition
| aka Earth Summit; held in Rio de Janero; addressed environmental issues in a little more depth; produced Agenda 21, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Convention on Biological Diversity, Declaration on Environment and Development; attracted greater official and unofficial interest than Stockholm |
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Definition
| emphasized creating a partnership between developed and under-developed countries in combating environmental deterioration; needed to be a partnership including NGOs and businesses and other voluntary organizations; cleaner development cannot just be government policy; set a global plan of action for sustainable development; demonstrated the emergence of a clear international consensus on the issues affecting the long-term sustainability of human society, including domestic social and economic policies, international economic relations, and cooperation on issues concerning the global commons |
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Term
| Declaration on Environment and Development |
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Definition
| contained 27 principles on sustainable development including - puts human beings at the center of sustainable development; development needs to be undertaken so present and future generations can have their needs met; eradicating poverty has to be a central part of sustainable development; special priority must be given to the needs of the least developed countries, who are also the most environmentally vulnerable |
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| UN Commission on Sustainable Development |
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Definition
| created by the General Assembly in 1992; made sure countries followed up on the promises they made at the Rio Conference |
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Definition
| a network of partnerships that involves states, companies, labor groups that all accept some core values laid out in the contract in the areas of human rights, sustainable development, etc.; businesses should pursue a cautionary approach in their business practices and should be careful not to engage in any activity that is likely to produce environmental harm; also pledge to undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility; encourage the development and spread of environmentally friendly technologies |
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| Critics of Sustainable Development |
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Definition
| behaviors and policies haven’t actually changed to pursue that goal, and hasn’t actually produced any real change in development policy |
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| Requirements of a Truly Sustainable Way of Life |
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Definition
| action in (1) economic growth, (2) conserving natural resources and the environment, and (3) social development |
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| United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) |
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Definition
| has played a significant role in shaping the environmental policy agenda and in coordination environmental policy within the UN |
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| Brundtland Commission report; stressed the need for development strategies in all countries and recognized the limits of the ecosystem’s ability to regenerate itself and absorb waste products |
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Definition
| the use of goods and services that satisfy basic needs and improve quality of life while minimizing the use of irreplaceable natural resources and the byproducts of toxic materials, waste, and pollution; the major cause of global environmental deterioration is an unsustainable pattern of consumption and production |
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| a political-economic movement that de-emphasizes ro rejects government intervention in the economy, focusing instead on achieving progress and even social justice through freer markets, especially an emphasis on economic growth |
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| Direct Effects of Trade Liberalization |
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Definition
| increased air pollution, introduce of alien invasive species, discharge of ballast water |
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| Indirect Effects of Trade Liberalization |
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Definition
| scale (expansion of economic activity), composition (increased trade leading nations to specialize in the sectors where they have a comparative advantage), technique (changes in resource extraction and production technologies), regulatory |
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Term
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Definition
| world leaders agreed on a far-reaching plan to support global development objectives for the new century; resulted in the Millennium Declaration w/ eight goals for development |
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Term
| 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development |
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Definition
Meant to map out a detailed course of action for implementation of Agenda 21; sought to overcome the obstacles to achieving sustainable development and to generate initiatives that would deliver results and improve people’s lives while protecting the environment; the negotiations focused on an ambitious plan of implementation to eradicate poverty, change unsustainable patterns of consumption and production, and protect and manage natural resources; was the first true summit on sustainable development, in the sense that advocates of all three pillars were under one roof arguing their cases, raising real issues, and confronting those with different interests and perspectives
To many, it fell short of expectations and was a lost opportunity because governments failed to take the sustainable development agenda forward
Marked the beginning of a new era of international cooperation on sustainable development |
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| Key Outcomes of the World Summit |
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Definition
| the Johannesburg Declaration, an implementation plan, and nearly 300 voluntary partnerships and other initiatives |
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Definition
| a pledge by world leaders to commit themselves fully to the goal of sustainable development |
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| set out a comprehensive program of action for sustainable development |
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| Voluntary Partnerships and Initiatives |
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Definition
| support sustainable development, many of which echoed the Millennium Development Goals |
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