1. Decreased native diversity (ex: fire ant invading Bobwhite's nests and gypsy moths destroying leaves)
2. Decreased agricultural and rangeland yield
3. Decreased recreational use
4. Decreased aesthetics
5. Damaging to processes (e.g., fires, floods, drought)

1. European colonization
2. Horticulture and agriculture (ex: bringing seeds over from Europe for crops that contained weed seeds as well)
3. Accidental transport (ex: rats on boats)
4. Biological control (e.g., bringing over one species to avoid another)

1. Animals (vertebrates, insects, and mollusks)
2. Disease organisms
3. Plants (FUCKING TAMARISK IS DESTROYING EVERYTHING LETS STUDY IT FOREVER)

1. The brown tree snake: eats bird eggs and has destroyed many species
2. Cats: are considered invasive in Australia

1. Argentine ants: very aggressive ants that displace natives and can be damaging to households

1. Zebra mussels: they take over so much space that native mussels and other shellfish cannot attach

1. Cheatgrass (from Europe): a result of overgrazing, increases chance of fire and is dangerous to cattle
2. Leafy Spurge (from Australia): has toxic sap
3. Russian Thistle/Tumbleweed: "road hazard" (if you're drive on the road by a tumble weed you shouldn't be driving)

1. List A: focuses on prevention of the invasive species
2. List B: focuses on attempts to eradicate one that has already invaded
3. List C: focuses on control once the species is past the possibility of eradication

1. Spreads vegetatively and sexually
2. Has highly dispersible seeds
3. Very competitive against natives
4. Grows very fast
5. Has very large energy stores
6. It lacks herbivores (however, longer a plant goes without herbivores, the less defense it has)
7. It disrupts the ecosystem

1. Exotic: not from the local area
2. Native: from the local area
3. Endemic: existing only in that area
4. Invasive: increase in population at the cost of the native species

1. Blocks sunlight for plants underwater
2. Damaging to boats
3. Spreads vegetatively and sexually
4. Highly dispensible
5. Competitive against natives
6. Some species (red knobbed coot and kingfisher) need open water

• Insects can live and reproduce on floating plants
• Birds eat these insects

• There's lower genetic diversity - less room for evolution
• Disease can be much more detrimental
• Easier for death rates to outweigh birth rates
• Harder for social structure (e.g., getting food or defense)
• Less of an allee effect (when higher density results in population growth)

• Population size is the total number of individuals and includes ALL individuals no matter what
• Effective population (Ne) size counts only individuals that are breeding/have the ability to breed (i.e., none too old or sick)

• Gender ratios. Y axis is Ne and x axis is is the number of breeding males:females.
• Variations in reproductive output
• Population fluctuations and bottlenecks

When a population is dramatically decreased in size, greatly changing and reducing the genetic diversity.

Ex: if you have 51 green bugs and 49 red bugs, and then a ton die, and you finish with 5 green bugs and 1 red bug. The red bug may not survive...

• Loss of habitat and invasive foxes, cats, dogs, and disease
• In 1998, there was one population reported remaining that included less than 200 individuals
• There were orginially 11 species of bandicoot, now 3 are extinct and 3 are endangered.

• Ex-situ breeding programs
• In-situ conservation
• Wild releases back into natural habitats

They us the PVA model

N(t+1) = (N(t) x S) + (N(t) x B x S)

• N:number of individuals
• S:probably of survival
• B:average number of offpsring produced per time

1. Science based projects with direct conservation benefits
2. Projects with applied implications
3. Interdisciplinary projects
4. Ecosystem level focus

• Training local partners
• Participatory community approach
• Sustainable development
• Management planning

• Research Associates (21 of them)
• Grad students
• International staff
• Partnered organizations
• Help from zoo staff in general

1. Mongolia
2. Rocky Mtns/Plains
3. Botswana

General "holistic" programs to preserve species.

1. Need a management plan
2. Need an educational plan
3. Need to do research on nutritional, medical, behavioral, and husbandry aspects of species
4. Need in-situ conservation methods
5. Need a husbandry manual

1. Artifical insemination
2. In-vitro fertilization
3. Cryopreservation
4. Foster rearing

1. Breeding programs
2. Testing of in-situ approaches and techniques
3. Disease research
4. Behavior research
5. Nutrition research
6. Reproduction research

1. Re-introducign (soft-release)
2. Tagging for data and tracking
3. Working with communities
4. Capacity building- making it possible for locals to manage populations and creating sustainable programs
5. Research on wild animals

Give Paul Watkins a fucking camera and plug your ears.

• Promote farming
• Providing resources to supply another form of income
• International aid
• Government incentives
• Microloans from abroad
• Edumacation
• Disinscentives (killing poachers)
• Combat THE CORRUPTION DAMMIT

1. Strict nature reserve/wildnerness area
2. National parks
3. National monuments
4. Managed wildlife refuges/sanctuaries
5. Protected landscapes and seascapes
6. Managed resource areas

1. If a particular species of importance is there
2. If important community or ecosystem is present
3. Hotspots of high biodiversity
4. Wilderness areas

1. Resiliency
2. Redundancy
3. Representation