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Definition
| the art of gaining fair and favorable consideration for our point of view |
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| a witness who testifies against their apparent self interest |
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| an interpretation of evidence that provides a good reason for listeners to agree with the speaker |
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| a form of proof that makes rational appeals based of facts and figures and expert testimony |
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| proof relying on appeals to emotions |
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| a form of proof that relies on the audience's perception of a speaker's competence, character, good will, and dynamism |
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| a form of proof that connects a subject to the culture and tradition of a group of narratives |
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| the audience's assessment of your ethos before you begin your speech |
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| The changes in the audience's assessment of ethos that occur as you present your speech |
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| The audience's assessment of your ethos after you have made a presentation |
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| Argumentative reasoning that is based upon shared principles, values, and rules sometimes called deductive reasoning |
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| arguing from a general principle to a specific case |
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| the statement of a general principle on which an argument is based |
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| the statement of a specific instance that relates to the general principle on which an argument is based |
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| The ending of the speech which summarizes the message and leaves listeners with something to remember. Also, the final statement of the relationship between the major and minor premises of an argument. |
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| pattern of deductive reasoning as it occurs in persuasion about public issues |
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| emphasis on factual evidence in guiding one's general conclusions and decisions |
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| reasoning from specific factual instances to reach a general conclusion |
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| reasoning from parallel cases |
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| Presenting a similar situation and how it was handled as the basis of an argument often called analogical reasoning |
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| Creating a strategic perspective on a subject by relating it to something similar about which the audience has strong feelings |
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| the factual evidence in an argument |
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| the conclusion the speaker draws based on the data in an argument. Also conclusions that go beyond factual statements to make judgments about their subjects. |
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| The principle that justifies moving from data to claim in an argument |
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| errors in reasoning that make persuasion unreliable |
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| The assumption that once something happens, an inevitable trend is established that will lead to disastrous results |
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| Confusion of fact and opinion |
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Definition
| A misuse of evidence in which personal opinions are offered as though they were facts, or facts are dismissed as though they were opinion. |
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| the use of irrelevant material to divert attention |
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| the deceptive use of statistical averages in speeches |
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| flawed statistical comparisons |
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Definition
| statistical reasoning that offers fallacious conclusions by comparing unequal or unlike situations |
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| an attempt to discredit a position by attacking the people who favor it |
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| assuming that an argument has been proved without actually presenting the evidence |
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| A reasoning error that occurs when an argument is based on a faulty premise |
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| A reasoning error that occurs when a persuader claims too much confusing probability with certainty |
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| A deductive error in which one event is assumed to be the cause of another simply because the first preceded the second |
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| An error of inductive reasoning in which a claim is made based on insufficient or nonrepresentative information. |
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| A deductive error occurring when conclusions do not follow from the premises that precede them |
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| A comparison drawn between things that are dissimilar in some important way |
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| a fallacy that occurs when a speaker suggests that there are only two options, and one is desirable. |
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| Understating, distorting, or otherwise misrepresenting the position of opponents for ease of refutation. |
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| observable characteristics of listeners, including age, gender, educational level, group affiliation and sociocultural backgrounds. |
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| The motivations, attitudes, beliefs, and values that influence the behavior of listeners. |
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| Feelings we have developed toward specific kinds of subjects |
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| What we know or think we know about subjects |
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| The moral principles that suggest how we should behave or what we see as an ideal state of being. |
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| Generalized pictures of a race, gender, or group that supposedly represent its essential characteristics |
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| the tendency of any nation, race, religion, or group to believe that its way of looking at and doing things is right and that other perspectives have less value. |
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| Allowing gender stereotypes to control interactions with members of the opposite sex |
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| Generalizations based on oversimplified or outmoded assumptions about gender roles. |
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| Making gender references in situations in which the gender is unknown, irrelevant, or using masculine nouns or pronouns when the intended reference is to both sexes. |
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| An indirect form of racism that employs code words and subtle, unspoken contrast to suggest that one race is superior to another. |
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| Preliminary Tuning Effect |
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Definition
| The effect of precious speeches or other situational factors in predisposing an audience to respond positively or negatively to a speech. |
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Definition
| Phase of the speech topics that identifies large topic areas. |
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Definition
| Phase of the process of finding speech topics that involves the close examination of large topic areas to identify more precise topics that might be developed. |
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| Identifying the general and specific purpose of a speech topic and framing its thesis statement |
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| Technique that encourages the free play of the mind |
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Definition
| Probe questions used to stimulate the mind during topic exploration, centering on places, people, activities, things, events, ideas, values, problems, and campus concerns. |
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Definition
| Visual display of a speaker's interest, as prompted by certain probe questions |
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| Topic Area Inventory Chart |
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Definition
| A means of determining possible speech topics by listing topics you find interesting and subjects your audience finds interesting and then matching them |
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Definition
| Sources such as newspapers, magazines, and the electronic media that can suggest ideas for speech topics. |
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| Changes customary patterns of thinking in order to free our minds for creative exploration. |
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| Using questions often employed by journalists to explore topic possibilities for speeches. |
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| The speaker's overall intention to inform or persuade listeners, or to celebrate some person or occasion. |
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| The speakers particular goal or the response that the speaker wishes to evoke |
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| Summarizes in a single sentence the message of your speech |
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| Prospectus for a speech or series of speeches you propose to give. |
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Definition
| The skills one needs to locate information efficiently and to evaluate what one learns |
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Definition
| An understanding of the major features, issues, information, latest developments, and local applications relevant to a topic. |
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| An internet search engine that allows you to enter a key word and find related web sites. |
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| A search engine that combines results from several general search engines |
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| An organized list of links to websites on specific topics |
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| High quality databases generally not included in the searches conducted by search engines |
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| Techniques that can help one limit or expand research on the internet. |
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| A website whose major purpose is to change attitudes or behaviors. |
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| A web site designed to provide factual information on a subject |
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| a website designed and maintained by an individual; contains whatever that person wishes to place on it. |
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| criterion for evaluating the credentials of the author |
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| Criterion for evaluating the correctness of information by checking it against other information |
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| Criterion for evaluating whether or not a source is free from bias |
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| Criterion for evaluating whether or not the information on a website is up to date |
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| Criterion for evaluating the breadth of information on a topic |
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| Questions that ask someone being interviewed to elaborate on a response |
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| questions that repeat part of a previous response to encourage further discussion |
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| A statement by an interviewer confirming the meaning of what has just been said by the person being interviewed |
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| A comment or action that encourages further communication from someone being interviewed |
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| Records kept of the author, title, place, and date of publication, and page references for each research source |
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Definition
| Research notes on facts and ideas obtained from an article or book |
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| Speeches that focus on fact |
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Definition
| Speeches designed to establish the validity of past or present information or to make predictions about what is likely to occur in the future |
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Definition
| Forecasts of what we can expect in the future of ten based on projections of trends from past occurences |
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| Speeches that address attitudes beliefs and values |
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Definition
| Speeches designed to modify these elements and help listeners find harmony among them |
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Definition
| The discomfort we feel because of conflict among our attitudes, beliefs, and values |
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| Speeches that advocate action |
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Definition
| Speeches that encourage listeners to change their behavior either as individuals or as members of a group |
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Definition
| The class of opposing ideas, evaluations, and policy proposals on a subject of concern |
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Definition
| The first stage in the persuasive process includes knowing about a problem and paying attention to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second phase in the persuasive process requires that listeners grasp the meaning of the speakers message |
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Definition
| The third stage in the persuasive process, which requires that listeners accept a speaker's recommendations and remember their reasons for doing so. |
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Definition
| The fourth stage of the persuasive process in which listeners take appropriate action as the result of agreement |
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| Final stge of the persuasive process in which listeners connect new attitudes and commitments with previous beliefs and values to ensure lasting change |
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Definition
| A way of approaching reluctant audiences in which the speaker attempts to establish goodwill, emphasizes shared values, and sets modest goals for persuasion. |
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| A possible audience's reaction to a speech that advocates too much change |
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| Great expectation fallacy |
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Definition
| The mistaken idea that major change can be accomplished by a single persuasive effort |
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| A speech in which the speakers position is compared favorably to other positions |
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| Preparing an audience for an opposing argument by answering it before listeners have been exposed to it. |
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| A delayed reaction to persuasion |
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| A persuasive speech pattern in which listeners are first persuaded that they have a problem and then are shown how to solve it |
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Definition
| The major general questions a reasonable person would ask before agreeing to a change in policies or procedures |
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| Motivated Sequence design |
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Definition
| A persuasive speech design that proceeds by arousing attention, demonstrating a need, satisfying the need, visualizing results, and calling for action. |
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Definition
| A persuasive speech design in which the speaker tries to raise doubts about, damage, or destroy an opposing position |
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Definition
| The dictionary definition or objective meaning of a word |
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Definition
| The emotional, subjective, personal meaning that certain words can evoke in listeners. |
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| Technical language related to a specific field that may be incomprehensible to a general audience |
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| Sometimes humorous use of words to soften or evade the truth of a situation |
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| Using words that point in the direction opposite from the reality they should be describing |
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| The art of developing ideas by finding ways to restate them in a speech |
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| The language of the street. |
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| Language errors that occur when a word is confused with another word that sounds like it |
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| Brief and particularily apt sayings |
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| The respectful appreciation of diversity within an audience |
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| The use of words in certain surprising and unusual ways in order to magnify the power of their meaning |
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| Brief, concentrated form of comparison that is implied and often surprising. It connects elements of experience that are not usually related in order to create new perspective |
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| Metaphors of unusual power and popularity that are based on experience that lasts across time and that crosses many cultural boundaries |
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| A language tool that clarifies something abstract by comparing it with something concrete; usually introduced by as or like |
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| a figure of speech in which nonhuman or abstract subjects are given human qualities |
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| Terms that express the values and goals of a group's culture |
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| Compact expressions of a group's basic political faith |
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| A language technique that combines opposing elements in the same sentence or adjoining sentences |
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| Changing the normal order of words to make statements memorable |
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| Wording points in the same way to emphasize their importance and to help the audience remember them |
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| The repetition of initial consonant sounds in closely connected words |
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Definition
| The use of words that sound like the subjects they signify |
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Definition
| An ideal, harmonius convergence of voice, body language, and speech content to produce a self reinforcing interplay of meanings. |
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Definition
| The act of offering a speech to an audience, integrating the skills of nonverbal communication with the speech content. |
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| expanded conversational style |
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Definition
| A presentational quality that, while more formal than everyday conversation, preserves its directness and spontaneity |
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Definition
| a quality of successful communication achieved when the speaker and audience experience a sense of closeness. |
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| The position of a human voice on the musical scale |
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| The vocal level at which people speak most frequently |
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| The level at which people can produce their strongest voice with minimal effort and that allows variation up and down the musical scale |
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Definition
| The speed at which words are uttered |
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| Rate patterns of vocal presentation within a speech |
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| Filler words such as um and like used in the place of a pause |
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| The manner in which individual speech sounds are produced |
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| The manner in which individual words are articulated and pronounced in context |
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| The use of correct sounds and of proper stress on syllables when saying words |
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Definition
| A speech pattern associated with an area of the country or with a cultural or ethnic background |
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| Communication achieved using facial expressions, eye contact, movements and gesture. |
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| The study of how human beings use space during communication |
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| Principal of proxemics involving the control of space. |
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| Principle of proxemics dealing with power relationships implied when speakers stand above listeners |
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| A talk delivered with minimal or no preperation |
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Definition
| A technique for making an impromptu speech; state a point, give a reason or example, and restate the point. |
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| Memorized text presentations |
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Definition
| Speeches that are committed to memory and delivered word for word |
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Definition
| a speech read from a manuscript |
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| extemporaneous presentation |
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Definition
| A form of presentation in which a speech, although carefully prepared and practiced, is not written or or memorized |
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| Speaker's perception of how audience members react to the message both during and after its presentation |
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