Term
|
Definition
Must be:
1.) thin
2.)moist
3.) in contact with environment or environment brought in contact with membrane
4.) Rich supply of blood vessels |
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Term
|
Definition
Have:
1.)Respiratory structures (lungs, gills..etc)
2.)Circulatory System
3.)Pespiratory membrane |
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Term
| Vertebrate organs of respiration |
|
Definition
1.) External & Internal gills (fish)
2.) Oropharyngeal mucosa (frogs)
3.) Swim bladder or lungs
4.) skin (highly vascular)= salamanders |
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Term
|
Definition
| series of slits or pockets leading from pharyngeal region to outer surface of body |
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Term
|
Definition
| lined with gill lamellae; respiratory water enters & exits through external gill slits (*AGNATHANS) |
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Term
| Chondrichthyes (sharks)- elasmobranchus |
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Definition
5-pair of gill pouches, spiracle contains a pseudobranch, function in moving water.
-Fast sharks = no spiracle
-Bottom dwellers = large spiracles |
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Term
|
Definition
| "complete gill"; gill on both surfacees, septum & gill bar |
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Term
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Definition
| only a single demibranch on septum |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| (*Bony Fishes) shorter, thus filaments are free |
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Term
|
Definition
| (*Bony Fishes) flap over gills [forms opercular or branchial chamber] |
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Term
|
Definition
| (*Teleost) prevent water escape |
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Term
| Additional function of gills in marinf teleost |
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Definition
| excrete salt and nitrogenous waste in the form of ammonia |
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Term
|
Definition
loads blood with O2; blood becomes fully saturated as it leaves the gill
**mantain gradient |
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Term
|
Definition
flow where equilibrium ccurs
**loss of gradient (50/50) |
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Term
|
Definition
| pouches push out from the pharynx until contact is made with infolding of the surface |
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Term
|
Definition
Develop in larval stage of most dipnoans. a;; amphibians, and some fish.
*Perennibranchiate urodels-gills retained in adult (Necturus) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most vertebrates from fish to man develop an unpaired evagination from pharynx or esophagus that becomes one or pair of pneumatic sacs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| may retain connection with foregut or it may close; connects to esophagus dorsally in HOLOSTEAN (gar) & TELEOST |
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Term
|
Definition
| "duct open" Swim bladder extends to ear: chondrosteans, holosteans & a few teleost |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Chief function of swim bladder |
|
Definition
| serves as hydrostatic organ; fish can change their specific gravity-increase or decrease buoyancy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Primitively vertebrate condition. Pharyngeal derivative: Glottis, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi |
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Term
|
Definition
| voice box in mammals: walls supported by cartilages |
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Term
|
Definition
| folded within anurans, lizards, most mammal |
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Term
|
Definition
| in crocodiles or valves at entrance of nares are anatokical adaptaions to prevent fluids from entering the glottis in aquatic tetrapods |
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Term
|
Definition
| Prevents solids from entering larynx; covers pharynx |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cartilage or bony C-shaped rings; Bifurcates in bronci (bifurcate=splitting) |
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Term
|
Definition
simple inefficient sack
*Plethodontid slamanders are lungless
*Aquatic salamanders lung serves as a hydrostatic organ |
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Term
|
Definition
Spendon, snakes, lizards-lung still a sac with more pockets
*Turtles & crocs-lung more sponge like |
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Term
|
Definition
Unique; incoming of air passes through the lungs into air sacs that extend among the vixcera, lie among flight muscles and into the bones
*Sacs act as bellows; walls are distensible
*help dissipate heat |
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Term
|
Definition
| consist of squamous epithelium surrounded by capillaries |
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Term
|
Definition
| 7% in plasma, 23% as carbaminohemoglobun, 70% as conversion to bicarbonate & chloride shift (carbonic anhydrase) |
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|
Term
| Oxygen & nutrient transport |
|
Definition
1.)Extra embryonic membranes
2.)Digestive tract
3.)Storage sites |
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|
Term
| Circulatory system function |
|
Definition
Oxygen & nutrient transport
Removes waste
hormone transplant
homeostasis
Immunity
Repair injuries |
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Term
|
Definition
1.)CO2
2.)Nitrogenous-break down of proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
1.)Uniformity of interstitial fluids (Lymph channels)
2.)uniformity of temperature |
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Term
|
Definition
Heart
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins (towards heart) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Endothelium - 1 cell thick
Precapillary sphincter |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| thicker in arteries/elastic fibers/smooth muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| arteries with elastic fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
| regulate blood entering capillary bed; shunts blood to other sites |
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Term
|
Definition
| begin as capillary system & end as capillary system |
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Term
|
Definition
| Intestines, pancreas, spleen to liver |
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Term
|
Definition
| Blood from the tail to kidney |
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|
Term
| Hypophyseal portal system |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus to pituitary |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fluid portion; Constitutes 55% of whole blood, 90% water, 10% dissolved solids % proteins(albumins, globulins, fribinogen, antibodies, waste products, salts, glucose, fat, amino acids...etc) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fluid portion; Constitutes 55% of whole blood, 90% water, 10% dissolved solids % proteins(albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, antibodies, waste products, salts, glucose, fat, amino acids...etc) |
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Term
|
Definition
| plasma with fibrinogen removed |
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Term
|
Definition
| RBC = erythrocytes, WBC = leukocytes, platelets = thrombocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
127 day life span
nucleated & oval shape in most animals; mammals it is unnucleated & biconcave |
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Term
|
Definition
Iron containing pigment
High affinity for oxygen
33% of RBC volume |
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Term
|
Definition
Erythropoietic tissue
Yolk sac walls - inital source; fat cells & first vessels
Mammals: chorion of placenta, liver, red bone marrow (source in amniotes), spleen
RBC removal occurs in sinusoid tissue of spleen, liver, bone marrow - lined macrophages |
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Term
|
Definition
Spleen produces granular leukocytes most vertebrates
Granulocytes (polynuclear leukocytes)-granules in cytoplasm
Agranular leukpcytes |
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Term
| Neutrophils (heterophils) |
|
Definition
| phagocytic, most numerous WBC, nucleus variable |
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Term
|
Definition
Red cytoplasm = eosin stain (acidic)
3-5% |
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Term
|
Definition
| .5% in blood, basic stain |
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Term
|
Definition
| second most abundant cell, T & B lymphocytes, Immune response, Abundant in nodes & spleen |
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Term
|
Definition
| Largest cell, migrate into tissues and function as macrophages |
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Term
|
Definition
Platelets formed from megakaryocyte
Pluriopotential stem cell |
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Term
| Pericardial cavity - location |
|
Definition
parts: Endocardium (inner layer - enothelium)
Myocardium - cardiac muscle
Epicardium
Coronary artery "feeds heart"; coronary vein drains it
Heart beat - Electrolytes, Imposed on by autonomic nervous sytem
Muscle cells beat individually
In mammals SA-node regulate the beat |
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Term
|
Definition
Single circuit
2 circuits
pulmonary circuit
systematic circuit |
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Term
|
Definition
| Blood flows from heart to gills to body |
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|
Term
| 2 circuits (2 pumps = double heart) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O2 poor: Heart -> lung -> Heart |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Cleithrum
Clavicle - united in corocoid (lost in teleost)
Dorsal elements: Supracleithrum, Post-temporal - anchors girdle to skull |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 kinds of bony elements: dermal skeleton, endoskeleton |
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Term
|
Definition
| Consists of 3 pairs of bones: Coracoid, Scapula, Suprascapula - Glenoid fossae |
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Term
|
Definition
All endoskeleton
Essentially 3 bone: Pubis (ventral), Ischium (posterior), Acetabulum (socket) |
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Term
|
Definition
Elongation of parts
Reduction of number of bones |
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Term
|
Definition
Walking limb with plantigrade foot posture
Metacarpals, metatarsals, digits are on the ground
ex. bear, man, insectivore |
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Term
|
Definition
Running locomotion
(2 types: Digitigrade, unguligrade) |
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Term
|
Definition
just the digits on the ground
ex. Dog, cat |
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Term
|
Definition
Walking on nails or hoofs
Ex. Horse, cow, deer...etc |
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Term
|
Definition
Leaping hind legs enlarged - front legs shortened
ex. Kangaroo rats |
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Term
|
Definition
| Flat joints - digits form circle around edge of foot |
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Term
|
Definition
Most are steereing devices or stabilizers
Consist of 2 surfaces of skin
Stiffened by fin rays
Supported at bases by pterygiphores (small carilages or bone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lobed fins = sarcoptyergia
Fin fold = chondrichthyes
Ray fins = actinoptyeriga
Median fins: serve as keels
Dorsal, anal, caudal |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Heterocercal
Hypocercal
Homocercal
Diphyceral |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Placoderms, sharks notochord turned upward |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Vertebral column turns down rare condition |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vertebral column ends with little upbending. Dipnoans & Latimeria |
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|
Term
|
Definition
homologous segment in tetrapods remarkably similar (difference distally)
**humerus, radius & ulna (maybe fused to radius or vestigial. ex. Bat & Frog) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Functional unit consists of wrist, palm, hand
manus of all tetrapods relatively similar - 3 rows of carpals, metacarpals, digits- phalanges |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protects brain & special sense organs
Performs as cartilage
Partially or wholly replaced by bone |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Begins as parachordal & prechordal cartilages beneath brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| Surround olfactory epithelium |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forms around retina to form sclerotic coat of eyeball |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| cartilages remain independent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Embryonis components unite to form chondrocranium
Brain completely roofed by cartilage |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cartilaginous neurocranium persists in chondristian (sturgeon, spoonbill) & holostean (bowfin, gar); covered with membrane bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| cartilaginous neurocranium replaced by endochondrial bone in teleost & amniotes |
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Term
|
Definition
Occipital Center
Sphenoid Center
Ethmoid center
Otic Center |
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Term
|
Definition
Roofing bones
Dermal bones (of upper jaw)
Primary Palatal bones
Opercular bones |
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Term
|
Definition
| Provide protective shield over brain & special sense organs |
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|
Term
| Dermal bones of the upper jaw |
|
Definition
Palatoquadrate cartilage - endochondrial component
In bony vertebrates - overlaid or replaced by dermal bones such as premaxillae & makillae (becomes part of dermatocranium) |
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Term
|
Definition
roof of oropharyngeal cavity of fishes & oral cavity of lower vertebrates
Crossopterygeans & early tetrapods (consisted of parashenoid, vomers, palatines, pterygoids, ecoptygoids) - all teeth bearing
Modern tetrapods - primary palate remains the roof of the nasal passageway |
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Term
|
Definition
Flap of tissue arises as an outgrowth of the hyoid arch
covers gills
bony fish - squamous plates of dermal bone
tetrapods have no vestiges of operculum or gular plate |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Sturgeon & spoonbill - neurocranium almost completely cartilaginous |
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Term
|
Definition
| Amia - highly cartilaginous neurocranium |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Highly specialized & diverse (diverse feeding habits)
Highly manuverable jaws & palates
Largest number of bones in skull of any vertebrate
Neurocranium fully ossified in most |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Primitive condition - large number of scale-like dermal bones
Today - few broad bony plates
Neurocranium largely cartilaginous |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Neurocranium - largely cartilaginous
Dermatocranium - fewer bones than labyrinthodonts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cotylosaurus were not much different from labyrinthodonts
Primitive features still present in modern reptiles
full complement of neurocranial bones
single occipital condyle
larger complement of membrane bones
parietal foramen (in some - third eye)
Sphenodon - hole on top of head, not actual eye, detected light, attached to pineal gland |
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|
Term
| 4 lines of reptiles based on temporal fossae |
|
Definition
Anapsid
Synapsid
Eurapsid
Diapsid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
No fossa present
Occured in stem reptiles (cotylosaurs)
Turtles only group that retained anapsid condition |
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Term
|
Definition
Single lateral temporal fossa
Zygomatic arch formed from squamosal & jugal
(synapsid - was an extinct group of mammal-like reptile) |
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Term
|
Definition
Superior & inferior temporal fossa
Crocodilians & sphenodon still have diapsid skull
Modern lizzards & snakes have a modified diapsid skull. Have lost all or part of the lower arch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
No living representatives
ex. Ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs
Had one fossa |
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|
Term
| Secondary Palate (turtle) |
|
Definition
Appears first in reptiles
Horizontal partition - divides oral and nasal cavities
Primary palate remains the roof of nasal passageway |
|
|
Term
| scondary palate in other reptiles |
|
Definition
INCOMPLETE
Turtles have deep lonitudinal grooves, used to channel air (top of oral nasal cavity) |
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|
Term
| Secondary Palate - Mammals |
|
Definition
| only other vertebrate that has a secondary palate that extends all the eay to the pharynx |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Correlated with capture & manipulation of food
Allows lizard to raise upper jaw
Allows snake's upper jaw to move as a unit |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Larger brain
Reduction of bone thickness of skull
Loss of sutures
Massive orbits
Neurocranium well ossified
Single occipital condyle
modified diapsid skull |
|
|
Term
| Two functional regions (bird skull) |
|
Definition
1.)Rear - soild bony box: houses brain
2.)Front - visceral area: elongates the palate & beak - role of food procurement |
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|
Term
| Mammal vs Reptiles (skull) |
|
Definition
Emergence of dentary - sole bone of lower jaw
skull increasingly domed (mammal)
Articulation dentary & squamosal
Well developed secondary palate
3 bones of middle ear |
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Term
|
Definition
Soft spots in newborn
2 occipital condyles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
numerous components: Squamous portion, Petrous portion (ossified otic capsule)
Tympanic portion - surrounds middle ear |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Maxilla, ffrontal, sphenoid, ethnoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cartilage or bony elements associated with branchial arches or gill arches
**Splanchnocranium - Pharyngeal skeleton
Forms in the gut wall not body (somatic) wall |
|
|
Term
| Cyclostome visceral skeleton |
|
Definition
Anterior arches support & stiffen rasping tounge
Remainder form branchial basket |
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|
Term
| Jawed fishes visceral skeleton |
|
Definition
| Consists of jointed bars which form arches between successive gills |
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|
Term
|
Definition
modified into jaws:
Palaquadrate
Meckel's cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forms support for lower jaw |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed from the modified enlarged epibranchia (dorsal part of arch)
-hyomandibula braces the jaw |
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Term
|
Definition
| Branchial arches support the gills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| considered one of the greatest advances in vertebrate history - revolutionized feeding |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Hyostylic
-Amphistytic
-Autostylic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Modern fishes
Upper jaw loses connection with the brain case
Braced by the hyomandibular |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Supported by hyomandibular & direct support to brain case |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ancestral fishes (lungfish)
Upper jaw supported directly to brain case & hyomandibular has no function in jaw support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Membrane bone invests: the palaquadrate - premaxilla & maxilla (bone)
Meckel's cartilage: Caudal end becomes the articular, Rest - dentary, angular, subangular
Upper jaw incorporated into dermatocranium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Profound changes in visceral skeleton
Palaquadrate ensheathed by dermal bone - premailla & mailla (amphibians, reptiles, birds)
Palatine portion contribute to primary palate
Posterior end of cartilage ossifies - becomes the quadrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Turtles & crocodiles - cartilage becomes prominent cartilage core
Little cartilage left - invested with bone
Posterior end of Meckel's cartilage becomes articular
Mammals - posterior end of meckel's cartialge becomes malleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Expanded
Ramus developed on dentary
Moved increasingly toward temporal fossa
Mandible bones all but disappear except dentary
Dentary close to squamosal - new articulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Considered oldest mammal of late Triassic (2 articulation sites)
-Articula: quadrate articulation
-Dentary: squamosal articulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bones all but disappear except dentary development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hyomandibular cartilage between quadrate & otic capsule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lost articular quadrate connection
Become attached to tympanic membrane
Forms forst ear ossicle called columella
Columella conducts sound wave from the eardrum to inner ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Malleus - formed from posterior end of Meckel's cartilage (articular bone)
Incus - believed to be derived from quadrate (evidence less direct)
Stapes - (columella) hyomandibular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In tetrapods - structures serves to support the tounge
Derived from lower part of hyoid arch & 1 or more branchial arches
Hyoid consist of 2 parts
Body
Horn (2-3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents Hyoid body in lizards and birds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
has 2 horns
Anterior arch 2nd arch
Posterior arch 3rd arch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thyroid & Cricoid cartilage derived from visceral elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also considered visceral skeletal elements |
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