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- occurs when: public contengincies cause concern/uncertainty in a public audience
- which: give force & effectiveness to persuasive discourse
- which: encourages collective action
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| exists when we confront problems with a proven discourse and method to guide us |
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| specific & salient aspects of a common situation as it affects or interests some audience in a particular moment in time |
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| larger environment that defines historical & social contect for any particular rhetorical event |
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| motives of the participants |
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| various cognitive, emotional & behavioral attitudes & responses that may influence future beliefs, feelings & actions |
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| complex interaction of individuals that constitute a political culture |
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| represents the instrument that the public uses to address consequences that it deems important enough to manage |
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| form when a state formally excludes other publics |
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| facts are made available & judgements are made by its members through open discussion, criticism & persuasion |
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| leaders are responsible for mkaing decisions and supressing opinions they feel to be unnecessary or dangerous |
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| allows people to speak and be heard by others about matters of public concern |
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| elite group with specialized knowlegde uses technical jargon to discuss narrow problems in a way that avergae citizens can't understand |
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| uses language that favors the expression of intimate feelings, experiences & opinions |
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| the only views encouraged to be expressed are sanctioned by an established authority |
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| relative authority or marginality that particular ideas, words or discourses possoss within a community |
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| ideas, words or discourse that are valued, respected and/or embraced |
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| ideas, words or discourse that are condemned, ignored and/or rejected |
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| percentage of people who hold certain views to be true |
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| conscious personal belief expressed as a commitment to a certain matter of fact or value |
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| accepted/established habits, norms, routines, traditions and unspoken laws of a community |
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a culture's conventional wisdom & practical judgment
- expressed in maxims, generally held beliefs & value judgements
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| an experience of a contingency that makes us feel a combination of concern and uncertainty |
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- public issue that generates concern and uncertainty
- can be resolved in part by rhetorical persuasion
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| brings people together in one place before each other and the speaker |
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| audience achieves a consensus as to the nature of the problem but is uncertain to the solution |
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| addresses a problem about whose very reality remains in doubt for an audience |
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| act of defining a person, object, or event in terms of a general category for the purpose of making a practical decision |
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| exceeds the people immediately present in the room |
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| physically exists together in a particular time & place to hear a message |
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| the group of people who are both able to be persuaded and capable of acting in such a way to help resolve the exigence |
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| audience analysis based on gender, race, age, income, disablilities, mobility, educational attainment, home ownership, employment status, and location |
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| obstacles that stand between us and the attainment of out interests |
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| obstacles that must be overcome in order to facilitate both the persuasive and practical effects desired by the speaker |
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| beliefs, attitudes & values of an audience that must be changed if persuasion is to occur |
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| changes attitude and value |
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| people, objects, processes & events that may physically obstruct any productive action even in persuasion of an audience has occurred |
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| something more than a person saying words |
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| a conscious instigator of social action who uses persuasive discourse to achieve his or her ends |
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| specific setting shared by speaker and audience whose circumstances constrain the form and appropriateness of what is said |
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| the reason for and circumstances under which an occasion occurs |
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| spoken language delivered for the purposes of persuafing an audience to think, act & feel in ways different than it already does |
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