Term
| What end of the scientific-interpretive continuum does the functional perspective fall closest to? |
|
Definition
| The Scientific end, it is a socio-psychological/cybernetic theory |
|
|
Term
| What end of the continuum does speech codes theory fall on? |
|
Definition
| Scientific (socio-cultural theory) |
|
|
Term
| What questions do rhetorical theories help us answer? |
|
Definition
How can people come to understand situated texts better?
What makes a speech persuasive?
What are the ethics of public communication?
Why do some speeche fail while others exceed? |
|
|
Term
| rhetoric itself is (____________). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why were the greeks and romans so interested in rhetoric? |
|
Definition
Helped the common man to represent himself.
Ban on lawyers.
Coming of manhood.
No Printing. |
|
|
Term
| Why is Aristotle considered the single greatest source of rhetorical theories? |
|
Definition
| Because he is the only person who wrote things down |
|
|
Term
| Rhetoric includes both _________ and __________ communication. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rhetorical theory says that three things need to work together to produce specific effects. What are the three things? |
|
Definition
| Speaker, Speech, Audience |
|
|
Term
| If we fail to figure out the message of the speech ourselves that is ___________ not the ________ of the speaker. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are aristotles three kinds of speaking and what situations are they used in? |
|
Definition
Forensic: guilt or innocence
deliberative: future policy
epideictic: praise and blame |
|
|
Term
| rhetorical speaking is a _______ to _______ way of communication. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rhetorical speech ______ the truth while dialectic speaking _______ for the truth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rhetorical speech addresses ___________ questions while dialectic speech ____________ questions. |
|
Definition
| addresses specific practice; answers general philosophical. |
|
|
Term
| what are Aristotles 3 rhetorical proofs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two forms of a logical line of argument? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deductive reasoning - going from a global principle to a specific truth |
|
|
Term
| logos - (second form) example: definition |
|
Definition
| inductive reasoning - drawing a final conclusion from specific cases |
|
|
Term
| what 4 things does the ethos proof exhibit? |
|
Definition
| speaker's credibility, intelligence, character, and goodwill. |
|
|
Term
| what things can help us determine the speaker's intelligence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can we evaluate a speaker's character? |
|
Definition
| by their image and appearance as an honest person. |
|
|
Term
| explain "speaker's goodwill" |
|
Definition
| audience perception of the speaker's intention toward the audience; having the listener's best interest at heart. |
|
|
Term
| what does the pathos proof appeal to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who popularized the canon's of rhetoric? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NAME the 5 cannons of rhetoric |
|
Definition
Invention
Arrangement
Style
Memory
Delivery |
|
|
Term
in the invention canon the speaker needs to keep in mind
(speech & audience) |
|
Definition
speech: subject matter
audience: situation, occasion, composition and subject. |
|
|
Term
| in the arrangement canon the speaker needs to be concerned with... |
|
Definition
speech - organizing, dividing, building a case
audience - putting the audience in the right frame of mind |
|
|
Term
in the style canon the speaker needs to be concerned with...
(speech & audience) |
|
Definition
Speech - selecting and arranging the wording in a clear and lively way
Audience - consider the audience to choose what kind of style to use |
|
|
Term
in the memory canon the speaker needs to be concerned with...
(speech & audience) |
|
Definition
speech - memorizing (tricks) make it memorable
audience - people connect more with a memorized speech than a non rehearsed, read speech |
|
|
Term
in the delivery canon the speaker needs to be concerned with...
(speech & audience) |
|
Definition
speech - sounding natural
audience - speaker should convey emotion and interest. gestures should mach major ideas |
|
|
Term
| Criticisms of Aristotle's rhetoric |
|
Definition
- seems less clear than he urged his students to be
- failure to clearly define the exact meaning of enthymeme
- the blurred distinctions he makes between deliberative (political) and epideictic (ceremonial/ praise and blame) speaking |
|
|
Term
| General concept of Fisher's narrative paradigm |
|
Definition
- All forms of communication that appeal to our reason are stories
- good reasons - telling a compelling story. all communication is constructive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symbolic action (words and/or deeds) that have sequence and meaning for those who live, create and interpret them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conceptual framework - "a universal model that calls for people to view events through common interpretive lens" |
|
|
Term
| NP - People are essentially ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NP - we make decisions on the basis of ________, which varies depending on the _______, ________, and ________ |
|
Definition
good reason
-communication situation
-media
-genre (philosophical, technical, rhetorical, artistic) |
|
|
Term
| what 3 aspects of culture determine what we consider good reasoning |
|
Definition
| history, biography, character |
|
|
Term
| Narrative rationality is determined by _________ and _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two world paradigms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the rational world paradigm, people are essentially _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the RW we made decisions based on ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what determines the course of our argument? |
|
Definition
| speaking situation (legal, scientific, legislative. |
|
|
Term
| what is determined by how much we know and how well we argue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the world is a set of _______ that we can _______ through ________. |
|
Definition
| puzzles; solve; rational analysis. |
|
|
Term
| what are the two components that we use to judge a story's coherence? |
|
Definition
| probability (that the story could happen); consistency of events in the story. |
|
|
Term
| how can we test the coherence? |
|
Definition
| comparing it to other stories with a similar theme, the level to which we can count on the character (reliability/consistency). |
|
|
Term
| how do we test the fidelity of a story? |
|
Definition
square with hearer's experience
provides good reasons
values |
|
|
Term
| Criticisms of Fisher's narratives |
|
Definition
-very broad theory
-overly optimistic - how is it that so many people in the worl are bad if we hold these "timeless values"
-doesnt address how people can be "good" speakers without upholding these timeless values (hitler) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a collection of individuals who as a result of interacting with one another over time become interdependent developing shared pattern of behavior and a collective identity. |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of a group |
|
Definition
interdependent
collective identity
common goal
zero history <------> well established continuum. |
|
|
Term
| size parameters of a group |
|
Definition
greater than 3
less than 12
5-7 is ideal size. |
|
|
Term
| negative roles of a group? |
|
Definition
| behaviors that promote or perpetuate personal goals/ideas and they hinder the 4 functions of effective decision making. |
|
|
Term
| NAME the 4 functions for effective decision making |
|
Definition
| analysis of the problem, goal setting, identification of alternatives, evaluation of positive and negative characteristics. |
|
|
Term
| what are the three roles of communication in fulfilling functions? |
|
Definition
| distributing information, catch and remedy errors, influence eachother. |
|
|
Term
| what is the net productivity of the group? |
|
Definition
| projected produtivity - losses due to processes. |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of communication in decision making groups? |
|
Definition
promotive - helps the group move forward.
disruption - stalls the group, retards progress, frustrates group.
counteraction - interaction to counteract disruptive communication. |
|
|
Term
| what are the ways for group members to avoid bad process? |
|
Definition
only discuss issues that promote the 4 steps of the FP. refrain from detracting remarks (bite our tongues in the interest of the group)
use counteractive communication to neutralize or remedy counterproductive activities.
checks and balances/equal expectation of productivity. |
|
|
Term
| what is the criticism of the Functional Perspective. |
|
Definition
it is appealing and sensible, but it forgets to take in mind the individuals' character, culture, and background. it only works when simply adressing questions of policy.
-values and morals shift our thinking and are nonexistent in the FP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive-in group when the member's striving for unanimity overrides their motivation to realistically appraise courses of action.
groupthink is ALWAYS considered negative. |
|
|
Term
| name the symptoms of groupthink |
|
Definition
1. illusion of invulnerability
2. beliefs in groups immorality
3. tendency to hold shared stereotypes
4. problems or failure are explained away by collective rationalizations.
5. individuals who doubt the group are self-censored.
6. pressure on dissenters
7. mindguards |
|
|
Term
| suggestions for avoiding groupthink |
|
Definition
-follow the 4 steps of functional perspective.
focus solely on policy decisions (no disruptive communication - if so try to counteract)
- bring in third party consultant to guide decision making and evaluate/reevaluate process
- constantly reevaluate own progress with the original desired outcome in mind. |
|
|
Term
| what does speech codes theory attempt to understand? |
|
Definition
| how communities get along, and how we understand what cultures value and believe through their talk. |
|
|
Term
| how do speech code theorists conduct experiments? |
|
Definition
| ethnography and participant observation |
|
|
Term
| brief history of ethnography |
|
Definition
1962
Dell Hymes
Gap between what was studied in linguistics and what was studied in anthropology. IMPORTANT to remember, that culture does not equal geography. |
|
|
Term
| Who is the main speech code theorist discussed in lecture? |
|
Definition
| Gerry Philipsen studied 2 communities. |
|
|
Term
| what are the two communities that philipsen studied and what codes did they posses? |
|
Definition
Nacirema - the american code of dignity (individualistic)
Teamsterville - code of honor, hierarchy of social class. |
|
|
Term
| importance of terms and meanings in a speech code |
|
Definition
| what are the words that are meaningful to the people who share a speech code. and how do meanings differ (even if it is the same term) across speech codes? |
|
|
Term
| How did philipsen find out that communication was a culturally specific term? |
|
Definition
In the Nacirema, communication was described as really talking, supportive, open communication.
In teamsterville communication was described as small talk, or normal chit chat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a premise is a generalized statement of belief or value. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is/what can be/attribute/existence/possibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whether something is considered good/bad right or wrong. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a prescription for how to act under specific circumstances which has some degree of force in a particular social group. |
|
|
Term
Prop 1:
Wherever there is a distinct ________ there is a distinct _______. |
|
Definition
culture; speech code
(code of dignity/code of honor) |
|
|
Term
prop 2:
In any given speech community, _________ codes are deployed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
prop 3:
a speech code involves a culturally distint _________, _________, ____________. |
|
Definition
| psychology, sociology, and rhetoric. |
|
|
Term
prop 4:
the _______ of speaking depends on speech codes used by speakers and listeners to ________ and ________ their communication. |
|
Definition
| significance; create; interpret. |
|
|
Term
prop 5:
the _______, _______, and ________, of a speech code are inextricably woven into speaking itself. |
|
Definition
| terms, rules, and premises. |
|
|
Term
prop 6:
Thoughtful use of a speech code can predict how the audience is going _________, _________, __________ what is being said. |
|
Definition
| interpret; understand; value |
|
|
Term
| what were the two codes used in Coutu's extended example. |
|
Definition
| Code of Rationality; Code of Spirituality. |
|
|
Term
What were some of the terms used in the
Code of Rationality?
Code of spirituality? |
|
Definition
debate/discussion
faith/moral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. metaphor for outward public self image
2. The projected image of one's self in a relational situation.
3. The public self-image that every member of society wants to claim for himself or herself. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific verbal and non-verbal messages that help to maintain or restore face loss and to uphold and honor face gain. |
|
|
Term
| self-construal: definition |
|
Definition
| the degree to which people percieve themselves as relatively autonomous from, or connected to others. (ie. whether you function in your culture as independent or interdependent) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an equal concern for both parties' image, as well as the public image of the relationship.
-example: not getting in a fight in a public place if in a relationship |
|
|
Term
| what are two face maintenance strategies? |
|
Definition
| Face-restoration and face-giving. |
|
|
Term
| face-restoration: definition |
|
Definition
facework strategy used to stake out a unique place in life, preserve autonomy, and defend against loss of personal freedom.
individualistic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
facework strategy used to defend and support another's need for inclusion.
collectivistic |
|
|
Term
what are the original 5 conflict strategies/styles?
what are the three added by Tiny Toomy and Oetzel. |
|
Definition
obliging, avoiding, compromise, thrid party help, integration.
passive aggression, emotional expression, domination |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the criticisms of face negotiation theory? |
|
Definition
| Ting toomey used people's own self construals of themselves in the data (people may perceive themselves as more or less independent/interdependent than they actually stand in society) |
|
|
Term
| what are phenomenological theories most interested in? |
|
Definition
| They way we experience eachother and the world through dialogue. |
|
|
Term
| what are the two components of narrative rationality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three characteristics of groups? (how we know a group is a group) |
|
Definition
interdependence.
shared patterns of behavior.
collective identiy. |
|
|
Term
| in what stage of the functional perspective do group members decide on criteria for juding their final solutions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what three conflict strategies are most common to individualistic societies. |
|
Definition
| dominating, passive agressive, emotional expression. |
|
|
Term
| what are the three components of a culturally distinctive speech code? |
|
Definition
| psychology, sociology, rhetoric |
|
|
Term
| in groupthink, the leaders and key members of the group are protected by whom? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of speech is concerned with establishing future policy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which communication tradition is most interested in the cause and effect of communication behaviors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forensic speaking is concerned with _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which communication tradition is most interested in how the social order is created, realized, sustained, and transformed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the canon of rhetorical primarily concerned with the kind of language the speaker uses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the five canons of rhetoric is primarily concerned with organization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the canon of rhetorical primarily concerned with constructing an argument. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| social scientists are more concerned with what ______ while interpretive scholars are more concerned with what _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two illusions of groups engaged in groupthink? |
|
Definition
illusion of unanimity
illusion of invulnerability |
|
|
Term
| name one critique of speech codes theory |
|
Definition
it generalizes across cultures
divides the world into cultural clusters |
|
|
Term
| which conflict strategy involves giving into the wishes of someone else? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why group members do not seek out alternative courses of action, according to the definition |
|
Definition
| rationalizing away problems, collective stereotypes/mindsets, stifle dissent, self censorship |
|
|
Term
| what is the ultimate test of a story's coherence? |
|
Definition
| comparing it to stories with a similar theme |
|
|
Term
| Rhetoric is the _________ in each case of the available means of __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When someone engages in behaviors that promote personal goals in small groups, what role is he/she playing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do interpretive theorists value most? |
|
Definition
| effective participation, scholarship |
|
|
Term
| what do scientific theorists value most? |
|
Definition
| value free research, objectivity |
|
|
Term
| purpose of interpretive theory |
|
Definition
| interpreting individual texts |
|
|
Term
| purpose of scientific theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conceptual framework. "a universal model that calls for people to view events through a common interpretive lens" |
|
|
Term
| we make decisions on the basis of good reason which vary depending on ___________, ___________, and _____________ |
|
Definition
| communication situation; media; genre (philosphical, technical, thetorical, artistic) |
|
|
Term
| In the rational world paradigm, the type of __________ _________ determines the ___________ of our argument. |
|
Definition
| speaking situation (legal, scientific, legislative); course |
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|
