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| Systemic process in which simultaneous encoding, sending, receiving and decoding of verbal or nonverbal messages occurs to create shared meanings. The entire process is influenced by noise and by context and culture of participants. |
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| Something ongoing and dynamic |
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| Arbitrary, ambiguous and abstract representation of something else |
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| Comprised of interrelated parts that effect one another |
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| Extent to which a system is affected by outside factors |
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| A state of constancy sought by systems but not possible to maintain |
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| Significance we bestow upon a phenomenon |
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| Contains the literal message |
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| Relationship level of meaning |
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| Expresses relationship between communicators |
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| "action" or transmission model, communicator encodes --> message through medium --> receiver decodes |
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| Later added to linear model, anything that interferes with transmission of message |
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| Adds response or feedback to linear or action model. Works well for mass media. |
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| Both the communicator and receiver are constantly both sending and receiving messages reflecting more accurately the dyanamism of communication. Not a volley back and forth. |
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| transactional, a process, symbolic, both relational and content, unavoidable, irreversible, unrepeatable, not a panacea, unintentional or intentional |
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| Intrapersonal Communication |
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| Interpersonal Communication |
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| Physically present audience |
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| Intercultural Communication |
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| Between/across cultural differences |
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| Selection -> Organization -> Interpretation |
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| Age, Hunger, Fatigue, Biological Cycles, Senses, Health, Cultural Differences (language, nonverbals), Social Roles, Self-Concept |
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1) Judge Self more Charitably 2) Ignore details 3) Cling to first impressions/stereotypes 3) Assume others are similar 4) Focus on negative 5) Over-generalization 6) Prefer simple explainations 7) See only good or bad |
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1) Increase understanding of process 2) Avoid "mind reading" 3) Checking our perceptions 4) Dev. social decentering, empathy and other-orientation
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Describe behavior Provide 2 possible interpretations Request feedback or clarification
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Language is... ...symbolic ...rule-governed ...arbitrary ...subjective |
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Use/Abuse of Language High level abstractions (thing stuff) vs. Specifics (dog, poodle) |
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Use/Abuse of Language Words have >1 meaning eg. church |
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Use/Abuse of Language Is WWU big? ...well, relative to Evergreen or UT? |
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Use/Abuse of Language Unchanging eg. always, never, is |
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Use/Abuse of Language "passed away" or "collateral damage" |
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| Language of Responsibility |
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- It statements (it bothers me when...)
- But " (cancels preceding statement)
- ?s (to hedge, "you want to get some food?")
- You " ("who are you to judge", doesn't take res.)
- I " (takes ownership)
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| Message expressed through other than linguistic means |
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| Characteristics of Nonverbal |
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Definition
- It exists
- Skill is a necessity
- All behavior has communicative value
- Is culturally bound
- Primarily relational
- Nonverbal communication is ambiguous
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Definition
- Paralanguage (pitch, rate, tone, volume, sighs, pauses, etc.)
- Vocalics (study of voice)
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- Kinetics (posture & gestures)
- Face & Eyes
- Touch (haptics)
- Physical Attractiveness
- Clothing/Artifacts
- Proxemics (intimate, personal, social and public zones)
- Territoriality
- Chronemics
- Physical Environments
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- Repeat
- Substitute
- Complement
- Accent
(Emblems and Adapters above) - Regulating (hand raising)
- Contradicting
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- Single v. Multiple
- Discrete v. Continuous
- Clear v. Ambiguous
- Verbal v. Nonverbal Impact
- Delibrate v. Unconcious
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- Hearing/Selecting
- Attending
- Understanding/Interpreting
- Responding
- Remembering
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- Message overload
- Message complexity
- External Noise
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| Internal Listening Obstacles |
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Definition
- Hearing Loss
- Lack of training
- Preoccupation
- Rapid Thoughts
- Prejudgements
- Lack of Effort
- Faulty Assumptions
- Media Influence
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| Types of Ineffective Listening |
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Definition
- Psuedolistening
- Monopolizing
- Selective Listening
- Insulated Listening
- Defensive Listening
- Ambushing
- Insensative Listening
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Definition
- Talk less
- Rid distractions
- Don't judge prematurely
- Look for key ideas
- Ask sincere questions
- Use aids
- Paraphrase
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| Formed by verbal or nonverbal messages, it is the social or emotional tone of a relationship |
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| Recognition, Acknowledgment, Endorsement |
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Definition
- Verbal abuse
- Interrupting
- Ambiguous
- Incongruous
- Irrelevant
- Impersonal
- Impervious
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- Defensive v Supportive
- Evaluation v Description
- Certainty v Provisionalism
- Strategy v Spontaneity
- Control v Problem Orientation
- Neutrality v Empathy
- Superiority v Equality
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| Responding Nondefensively |
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Definition
- Seek more information (ask, paraphrase)
- Agree (facts, perception or right)
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- Conflict can always be avoided
- Always occurs due to a misunderstanding
- A sign of a poor relationship
- Can be resolved always
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| Conflict as a Process (stages) |
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- Prior Conditions
- Frustration Awareness
- Active Conflict
- Resolution
- Aftermath
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| Nonassertive Conflict Behavior |
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| Aggressive Conflict Behavior |
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| A covert method of conflict management |
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| Assertion Conflict Management |
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