Term
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Definition
| The process used to accomplish organizational goals through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling people and other organizational resources. |
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Definition
| A management function that includes anticipating trends and determining the best strategies and tactics to achieve organizational goals and objectives. |
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Definition
| A management function that includes designing the structure of the organization and creating conditions and systems in which everyone and everything works together to achieve the organization's goals and objectives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Creating a vision for the organization and guiding, training, coaching, and motivating others to work effectively to achieve the organization's goals and objectives. |
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Definition
| A management function that involves establishing clear standards to determine whether or not an organization is progressing towards its goals and objectives, rewarding people for doing a good job, and taking corrective action if they are not. |
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Definition
| An encompassing explanation of why the organization exists and where it's trying to head. |
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Definition
| An outline of the fundamental purposes of an organization. |
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Definition
| The broad, long term accomplishments an organization wishes to attain. |
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Definition
| Specific, short term statements detailing how to achieve the organization's goals. |
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Definition
| A planning tool used to analyze an organization's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. |
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Definition
| The process of determining the major goals of the organization and the policies and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve these goals. |
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Definition
| The process of developing detailed, short-term statements about what is to be done, who is to do it, and how it is to be done. |
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Definition
| The process of setting work standards and schedules necessary to implement the company's tactical objectives. |
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Definition
| The process of preparing alternative courses of action that may be used if the primary plans don't achieve the organization's objectives. |
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Definition
| Choosing among two or more alternatives. |
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Definition
| The process of solving the everyday problems that occur. Less formal than decision making. |
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Definition
| Coming up with as many solutions to a problem as possible in a short period of time with no censoring of ideas. |
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Definition
| Listing all the pluses for a solution in a column, all the minuses in another, and the implications in a third column. |
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Definition
| A visual device that shows relationships among people and divides the organization's work. |
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Definition
| Highest level of management, consisting of the president and other key company executives who develop strategic plans. |
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Term
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Definition
| The level of management that includes general managers, division managers, and branch and plant managers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Managers who are directly responsible for supervising workers and evaluating their daily performance. |
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Definition
| Skills that involve the ability to perform tasks in a specific discipline or department. |
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Definition
| Skills that involve communication and motivation; they enable managers to work through and with people. |
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Definition
| Skills that involve the ability to picture the organization as a whole and the relationship among its various parts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A management function that includes hiring, motivating, and retaining the best people available to accomplish the company's objectives. |
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Definition
| The presentation of a company's facts and figures in a way that is clear and apparent to all stakeholders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leadership style that involves making managerial decisions without consulting others. |
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Term
| Participative (democratic) Leadership |
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Definition
| Leadership style that consists of managers and employees working together to make decision. |
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Term
| Participative (democratic) Leadership |
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Definition
| Leadership style that consists of managers and employees working together to make decision. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leadership style that involves managers setting objectives and employees being relatively free to do whatever it takes to accomplish those objectives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Giving workers the education and tools they need to make decisions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Finding the right information, keeping the information in a readily accessible place, and making the information known to everyone in the firm. |
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Definition
| Dealers, who buy products to sell to others, and ultimate customers (or end users), who buy products for their own personal use. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals and units within the firm that receive services from other individuals or units. |
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Term
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Definition
| The personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals. |
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Definition
| Something given to you by someone else as recognition for good work; extrinsic rewards include pay increases, praise, and promotions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Studying workers to find the most efficient ways of doing things and then teaching people those techniques. |
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Term
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Definition
| Studies, begun by Frederick Taylor, of which tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task. |
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Term
| Principle of Motion Economy |
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Definition
| Theory developed by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth that every job can be broken down into a series of elementary motions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being studied. |
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Term
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
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Definition
| Theory of motivation based on unmet human needs from basic physiological needs to safety, social, and esteem needs to self-actualization needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Herzberg's theory of motivation factors, job factors that cause employees to be productive and that give them satisfaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Herzberg's theory of motivation factors, job factors that can cause dissatisfaction if missing but that do not necessarily motivate employees if increased. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that setting ambitious but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted, accompanied by feedback, and facilitated by organizational conditions. |
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Term
| Management by Objectives (MBO) |
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Definition
| A system of goal setting and implementation; it involves a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors, and employees. |
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Term
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Definition
| Victor Vroom's theory that the amount of effort employees exert on a specific task depends on their expectations of the outcome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that positive and negative reinforcers motivate a person to behave in certain ways. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to others in similar positions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A motivational strategy that emphasizes motivating the worker through the job itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| A job enrichment strategy that involves combining a series of tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A job enrichment strategy that involves moving employees from one job to another. |
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Term
| Human Resource Management (HRM) |
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Definition
| The process of determining human resource needs and then recruiting, selecting, developing, motivation, evaluating, compensating, and scheduling employees to achieve organizational goals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Employment activities designed to "right past wrongs" by increasing opportunities for minorities and women. |
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Term
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Definition
| Discrimination against whites or males in hiring or promoting. |
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Term
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Definition
| A study of what employees do who hold various titles. |
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Term
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Definition
| A summary of the objectives of a job, the type of work to be done, the responsibilities and duties, the working conditions, and the relationship of the job to other function. |
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Term
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Definition
| A written summary of the minimum qualifications required of workers to do a particular job. |
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Term
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Definition
| The set of activities used to obtain a sufficient number of the right employees at the right time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of gathering information and deciding who should be hired, under legal guidelines, to serve the best interests of the individual and the organization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Employees that include part-time workers, temporary workers, seasonal workers, independent contractors, interns, and co-op students. |
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Term
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Definition
| All attempts to improve productivity by increasing an employee's ability to perform. Training focuses on short-term skills, development on long-term abilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| The activity that introduces new employees to the organization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Training at the workplace that lets the employee learn by doing or by watching others for a while and then imitating them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Training programs during which a learner works alongside an experienced employee to master the skills and procedures of a craft. |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal or external training programs away from the workplace that develop any of a variety of skills or foster personal development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Training programs in which employees complete classes via the internet. |
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Term
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Definition
| Training done in schools where employees are taught on equipment similar to that used on the job. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of equipment that duplicates job conditions and tasks so trainees can learn skills before attempting them on the job. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of training and educating employees to become good managers, and then monitoring the progress of their managerial skills over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of establishing and maintaining contacts with key managers in and outside the organization and using those contacts to weave strong relationships that serve as informal development systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| An experienced employee who supervises, coaches, and guides lower lever employees by introducing them to the right people and generally being their organizational sponsor. |
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Term
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Definition
| An evaluation that measures employee performance against established standards in order to make decisions about promotions, compensation, training or termination. |
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Term
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Definition
| Benefits such as sick leave pay, vacation pay, pension plans, and health plans that represent additional compensation beyond base wages. |
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Term
| Cafeteria Style Fringe Benefits |
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Definition
| Fringe benefits plan that allows employees to choose the benefits they want up to a certain dollar amount. |
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Term
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Definition
| Work schedule that gives employees some freedom to choose when to work, as long as they work the required number of hours. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a flextime plan, the period when all employees are expected to be at their job stations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Work schedule that allows an employee to work a full number of hours per week but in fewer days. |
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Term
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Definition
| An arrangement whereby two part time employees share one full time job. |
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Term
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Definition
| An employee organization whose main goal is representing its members in employee-management negotiation of job related issues. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organization of skilled specialists in a particular craft or trade. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first national labor union; formed in 1869. |
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Term
| American Federation of Labor (AFL) |
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Definition
| An organization of craft unions that championed fundamental labor issues; founded in 1886. |
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Term
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Definition
| Labor organizations of unskilled and semiskilled workers in mass-production industries such as automobiles and mining. |
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Term
| Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) |
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Definition
| Union organization of unskilled workers; broke away from the AFL in 1935 and rejoined in 1955. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of contract that required employees to agree as a condition of employment not to join a union; prohibited by the Norris-LaGuardia Act in 1932. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process whereby union and management representatives form a labor-management agreement, or contract, for workers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formal process whereby a union is recognized by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) as the bargaining agent for a group of employees. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which workers take away a union's right to represent them. |
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Term
| Negotiated Labor-Management Agreement (labor contract) |
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Definition
| Agreement that sets the tone and clarifies the terms under which management and labor agree to function over a period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provision in a negotiated labor-management agreement that stipulates that employees who benefit from a union must either officially join or at least pay dues to the union. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clause in a labor management agreement that specified workers had to be members of a union before being hired (was outlawed by the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947)/ |
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Term
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Definition
| Clause in a labor management agreement that says workers do not have to be members of a union to be hired, but must agree to join the union within a prescribed period. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clause in a labor management agreement that says employers may hire nonunion workers; employees are not required to join the union but must pay a union fee. |
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Term
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Definition
| Legislation that gives workers the right, under an open shop, to join or not join a union if it is present. |
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Term
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Definition
| Agreement in right to work states that gives workers the option to join or not join a union, if one exists in their workplace. |
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Term
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Definition
| A charge by employees that management is not abiding by the terms of the negotiated labor management agreement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Union officials who work permanently in an organization and represent employee interests on a daily basis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The range of options between the initial and final offer that each party will consider before negotiations dissolve or reach an impasse. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of a third party, called a mediator, who encourages both sides in a dispute to continue negotiating and often makes suggestions for resolving the dispute. |
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Term
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Definition
| The agreement to bring in an impartial third party to render a binding decision in a labor dispute. |
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Term
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Definition
| A union strategy in which workers refuse to go to work; the purpose is to further workers' objectives after an impasse in collective bargaining. |
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Term
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Definition
| When workers in a critical industry return to their jobs while the union and management continue negotiations. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a union encourages both its members and the general public not to buy the products of a firm involved in a labor dispute. |
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Term
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Definition
| An attempt by labor to convince others to stop doing business with a firm that is the subject of a primary boycott; prohibited by the Taft-Hartley Act. |
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Term
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Definition
| An attempt by management to put pressure on unions by temporarily closing the business. |
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Term
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Definition
| A court order directing someone to do something or to refrain from doing something. |
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Term
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Definition
| Workers hired to do the jobs of striking workers until the labor dispute is resolved. |
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Term
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Definition
| Concessions made by union members to management; gains from labor negotiations are given back to management to help employers remain competitive and thereby save jobs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other conduct (verbal or physical) of a sexual nature that creates a hostile work environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. |
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Term
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Definition
| A three part business philosophy: (1) a customer orientation, (2) a service orientation, and (3) a profit orientation. |
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Term
| Customer Relationship Management (CRM) |
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Definition
| The process of learning as much as possible about customers and doing everything you can to satisfy them-or even exceed their expectations-with goods and services. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ingredients that go into a marketing program: product, price, place, and promotion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any physical good, service, or idea that satisfies a want or need plus anything that would enhance the product in the eyes of consumers, such as the brand. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of testing products among potential users. |
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Term
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Definition
| A word, letter, or group of words or letters that differentiates one seller's goods and services from those of competitors. |
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Term
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Definition
| All the techniques sellers use to inform people about and motivate them to buy their products or services. |
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Term
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Definition
| The analysis of markets to determine opportunities and challenges, and to find the information needed to make good decisions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Information that has already been compiled by others and published in journals and books or made available online. |
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Term
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Definition
| Data that you gather yourself (not from secondary sources such as books and magazines). |
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Term
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Definition
| A small group of people who meet under the direction of a discussion leader to communicate their opinions about an organization, its products, or other given issues. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of identifying the factors that can affect marketing success. |
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Term
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Definition
| All the individuals or households that want goods and services for personal consumption or use. |
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Term
| Business to Business (B2B0 Market |
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Definition
| All the individuals and organizations that want goods and services to use in producing other goods and services or to sell, rent, or supply goods to others. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of diving the total market into groups whose members have similar characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marketing directed toward those groups (market segments) an organization decides it can serve profitably. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dividing a market by cities, counties, states, or regions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dividing the market by age, income, and education level. |
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Term
| Psychographic Segmentation |
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Definition
| Dividing the market using the group's values attitudes, and interests. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dividing the market by determining which benefits of the product to talk about. |
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Term
| Volume (or usage) Segmentation |
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Definition
| Dividing the market by usage (volume of use) |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of finding small but profitable market segments and designing or finding products for them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developing a unique mix of goods and services for each customer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developing products and promotions to please large groups of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marketing strategy with the goal of keeping individual customers over time by offering products that exactly meet their requirements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Good quality at a fair price. |
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Term
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Definition
| Everything that consumers evaluate when deciding whether to buy something; also called a value package. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of products that are physically similar or are intended for a similar market. |
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Term
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Definition
| The combination of product lines offered by a manufacturer. |
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Term
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Definition
| The creation of real or perceived product differences. |
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Term
| Convenience Goods and Services |
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Definition
| Products that the consumer wants to purchase frequently and with a minimum of effort. |
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Term
| Shopping Goods and Services |
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Definition
| Those products that the consumer buys only after comparing value, quality, price, and style from a variety of sellers. |
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Term
| Specialty Goods and Services |
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Definition
| Consumer products with unique characteristics and brand identity. Because these products are perceived as having no reasonable substitute, the consumer puts forth a special effort to purchase them. |
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Term
| Unsought Goods and Services |
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Definition
| Products that consumers are unaware of, haven't necessarily thought of buying, or find that they need to solve an unexpected problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Products used in the production of other products. Sometimes called business goods or B2B goods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Grouping two or more products together and pricing them as a unit. |
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Term
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Definition
| A name, symbol, or design (or combination thereof) that identifies the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and distinguishes them from the goods and services of competitors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A brand that has exclusive legal protection for both its brand name and its design. |
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Term
| Manufacturers Brand Names |
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Definition
| The brand names of manufacturers that distribute products nationally. |
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Term
| Dealer (private-label) Brands |
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Definition
| Products that don't carry the manufacturers name but carry a distributor or retailer's name instead. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonbranded products that usually sell at a sizable discount compared to national or private label brands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Illegal copies of national brand name goods. |
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Term
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Definition
| The value of the brand name and associated symbols. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which customers are satisfied, like the brand, and are committed to further purchases. |
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Term
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Definition
| How quickly or easily a given brand name comes to mind when a product category is mentioned. |
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Term
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Definition
| The linking of a brand to other favorable images. |
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Term
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Definition
| A manager who has direct responsibility for one brand or one product line; called a product manager in some firms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process designed to reduce the number of new product ideas being worked on at any one time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Making cost estimates and sales forecasts to get a feeling for profitability of new product ideas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Taking a product idea to consumers to test their reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Promoting a product to distributors and retailers to get wide distribution, and developing strong advertising and sales campaigns to generate and maintain interest in the product among distributors and consumers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A theoretical model of what happens to sales and profits for a product class over time; the four stages of the cycle are introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. |
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Term
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Definition
| Designing a product so that it satisfies customers and meets the profit margins desired by the firms. |
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Term
| Competition Based Pricing |
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Definition
| A price strategy based on what all the other competitors are doing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The strategy by which one or more dominant firms set the pricing practices that all competitors in an industry follow. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process used to determine profitability at various levels of sales |
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Term
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Definition
| All the expenses that remain the same no matter how many products are made or sold. |
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Term
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Definition
| Costs that change according to the level of production. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strategy in which a new product is priced high to make optimum profit while there's little competition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strategy in which a product is priced low to attract many customers and discourage competition. |
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Term
| Everyday Low Pricing (EDLP) |
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Definition
| Setting prices than competitors and then not having any special sales. |
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Term
| High-Low Pricing Strategy |
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Definition
| Setting prices that are higher than EDLP stores, but having many special sales where the prices are lower than competitors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pricing goods and services at price points that make the product appear less expensive than it is. |
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Term
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Definition
| Name for business technology in the 1970s; included technology that supported an existing business and was primarily used to improve the flow of financial information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Technology that helps companies do business; includes such tool as ATMs and voice mail. |
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Term
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Definition
| Technology that helps companies change business by allowing them to use new methods. |
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Term
| Business Intelligence (BI) |
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Definition
| Any of a variety of software applications that analyze an organization's raw data and take out useful insights from it. |
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Term
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Definition
| A companywide network, closed to public access, that uses internet type technology. |
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Term
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Definition
| A semiprivate network that uses Internet technology and allows more than one company to access the same information or allows people on different servers to collaborate. |
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Term
| Virtual Private Network (VPN) |
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Definition
| A private data network that creates secure connections, or "tunnels", over regular internet lines. |
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Term
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Definition
| The set of tools that allow people to build social and business connections, share information, and collaborate on projects online (including blogs, wikis, social networking, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| Technology that offers users a continuous connection to the internet and allows them to send and receive mammoth files much faster than ever before. |
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Term
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Definition
| The private internet seystem that links government supercomputer centers and a select group of universities; it runs more than 22000 times faster than today's public infrastructure. |
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Term
| Network Computing System (or client/server computing) |
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Definition
| Computer systems that allow computers (clients) to obtain needed information from huge databases in a central computer (the server). |
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Term
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Definition
| A process that allows networked computers to run multiple operating systems and programs through one central computer at the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of virtualization in which a company's data and applications are stored at offsite data centers that are accessed over the internet (the cloud). |
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Term
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Definition
| Software that is copyrighted but distributed to potential customers free of charge. |
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Term
| Public Domain Software (freeware) |
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Definition
| Software that is free for the taking. |
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Term
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Definition
| A piece of programming code inserted into other programming to cause some unexpected and usually undesirable event. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organizations that assist in moving goods and services from producers to businesses and from businesses to consumers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A whole set of marketing intermediaries, such as agents, brokers, wholesalers, and retailers, that join together to transport and store goods in their path (or channel) from producers to consumers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marketing intermediaries who bring buyers and sellers together and assist in negotiating an exchange but don't take title to the goods. |
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Term
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Definition
| A marketing intermediary that sells to other organizations. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organization that sells to ultimate consumers. |
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Term
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Definition
| In economics, the want satisfying ability, or value, that organizations add to goods or services. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adding value to products by making them available when they're needed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adding value to products by having them where people want them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Doing whatever is necessary to transfer ownership from one party to another, including providing credit, delivery, installation, guarantees, and follow up service. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adding value to products by opening two way flows of information between marketing participants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adding value by providing fast, friendly service during and after the sale and by teaching customers how to best use products over time. |
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Definition
| Independently owned firms that take title to the goods they handle. |
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Definition
| Wholesalers that furnish racks or shelves full of merchandise to retailers, display products, and sell on consignment. |
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Term
| Cash and Carry Wholesalers |
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Definition
| Wholesalers that serve mostly smaller retailers with a limited assortment of products. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wholesalers that solicit orders from retailers and other wholesalers and have the merchandise shipped directly from a producer to a buyer. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sale of goods and services by telephone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Distribution that puts products into as many retail outlets as possible. |
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Term
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Definition
| Distribution that sends products to only a preferred group of retailers in an area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Distribution that sends products to only one retail outlet in a given geographic area |
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Term
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Definition
| Selling goods and services to ultimate customers over the internet. |
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Term
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Definition
| Selling to consumers in their homes or where they work. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any activity that directly links manufacturers or intermediaries with the ultimate consumer. |
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Term
| Corporate Distribution System |
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Definition
| A distribution system in which all of the organizations in the channel of distribution are owned by one firm. |
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Term
| Contractual Distribution System |
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Definition
| A distribution system in which members are bound to cooperate through contractual agreements. |
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Term
| Administered Distribution System |
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Definition
| A distribution system in which producers manage all of the marketing functions at the retail level. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sequence of linked activities that must be performed by various organizations to move goods from the sources of raw materials to ultimate consumers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of managing the movement of raw materials, aprts, work in progress, finished goods, etc through all the organizations involved in the supply chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The marketing activity that involves planning, implementing, and controlling the physical flow of materials, final goods, etc. from points of origin to points of consumption to meet customer requirements at a profit. |
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Term
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Definition
| The area of logistics that involves bringing raw materials, packaging, other goods and services, and information from suppliers to producers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of goods within a warehouse, from warehouses to factory floor, and from factory floor to various workstations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The area of logistics that involves managing the flow of finished products and information to business buyers and ultimate consumers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The area of logistics that involves bringing goods back to the manufacturer because of defects or for recycling materials. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organization that puts many small shipments together to create a single large shipment that can be transported cost effectively to the final destination. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of multiple modes of transportation to a complete a single long distance movement of freight. |
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Term
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Definition
| The combination of promotional tools and organization uses. |
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Term
| Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) |
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Definition
| A technique that combines all the promotional tools into one comprehensive, unified promotional strategy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Paid, nonpersonal communication through various media by organizations and individuals who are in some way identified in the advertising message. |
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Term
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Definition
| Putting products into TV shows and movies where they will be seen. |
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Term
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Definition
| A full length TV program devoted exclusively to promoting goods or services. |
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Term
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Definition
| Promotion process that allows marketers to go beyond a monologue, where sellers try to persuade buyers to buy things, to a dialogue in which buyers and sellers work together to create mutually beneficial exchange relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| The face to face presentation and promotion of goods and services. |
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Term
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Definition
| Researching potential buyers and choosing those most likely to buy. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the selling process, making sure that people have a need for the product, the authority to buy, and the willingness to listen to a sales message. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person with the means to buy a product, the authority to buy, and the willingness to listen to a sales message. |
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Term
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Definition
| A step in the selling process that consists of a question or statement that moves the selling process towards the actual close. |
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Term
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Definition
| The management function that evaluates public attitudes, changes policies and procedures in response to the public's requests, and executes a program of action and information to earn public understanding and acceptance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any information about an individual, product, or organization that's distributed to the public through the media and that's not paid for or controlled by the seller. |
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Term
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Definition
| The promotional tool that stimulates consumer purchasing and dealer interest by means of short term activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| A promotional tool in which a company lets consumers have a small sample of a product for no charge. |
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Term
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Definition
| A promotional tool that involves people telling other people about products they've purchased. |
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Term
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Definition
| The term now used to describe everything from paying customers to say positive things on the internet to setting up multilevel selling schemes whereby consumers get commissions for directing friends to specific web sites. |
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Term
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Definition
| An online diary that looks like a web page but is easier to create and update. |
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Term
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Definition
| A means of distributing audio and video programs via the internet that lets users subscribe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Promotional strategy in which the producer uses advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, and all other promotional tools to convince wholesalers and retailers to stock and sell merchandise. |
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Term
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Definition
| Promotional strategy in which heavy advertising and sales promotion efforts are directed toward consumers so that they'll request the products from retailers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Customers who pick out their products from online outlets or who do online comparison shopping. |
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