Term
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Definition
| a learned system of meanings that fosters a particular sense of shared identity-hood and community-hood among its group members. It is a complex frame of reference that consists of a pattern of traditions, beliefs, values, norms, symbols, and meanings that are shared to varying degrees by interacting members of an identity group |
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Definition
| an individuals interpretation of the beliefs, values, and norms associated with a culture. |
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Definition
| the representation, in one social system, of people with distinctly different group affiliations of cultural significance. |
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| a process whereby people collectively create and transmit meaning through the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages ina particular context. |
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Definition
| the frame of reference for understanding communication behavior |
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Definition
| the frame of reference for understanding communication behavior |
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Term
| intercultural communication |
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Definition
| communication that occurs between individuals and entities that are culturally unalike. |
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Term
| cross-cultural communication |
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Definition
| comparing/contrasting the communication of two different cultures |
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Term
| international communication |
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Definition
| the study of mass-mediated communication between entities (governmental, private industry, or non-profit agencies) from two or more countries. |
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Term
| developmental communication |
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Definition
| the study of social change brought about by the application of communication, theory, and technologies from one culture to another. |
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Definition
| the increasing interconnectedness of people and places as a result of changes in communication technologies, communication, an migration patterns, which cause political, economic, and cultural convergence. |
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Definition
| emphasizes a single set of standard that should be used to judge others' behavior. |
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| a code of ethics that judges people based on their own cultural standards (that is, different cultures have adopted their own codes of ethics. |
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| moral inclusion/exclusion |
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Definition
| focuses on the degree to which we believe that people are within the boundaries of respect, fairness, and moral values. |
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Definition
| a philosophical stance that emphasizes fair distribution of wealth, power, and income across cultures. |
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Definition
| perspective provides detailed descriptions of culture and cultural communication. The goal is to identify a unified culture and the ways of knowing and understanding the culture. |
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Term
| social-scientific perspective |
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Definition
| perspective that attempts to identify patterns of communication and attribute this behavior to cultural values. |
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| critical approach/perspective |
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Definition
| perspective that emphasizes power differences between different cultures and studies the domination of one group by another. |
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Definition
| a massive migration of people caused by wars, colonization, slavery, persecution, and famine; this migration results in a cultural group being geographically dispersed. |
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Definition
| approach emphasizing that individuals around the world are organized in various interconnected layers. |
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| social ecological framework |
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Definition
| perspective that examines the relationships between humans and their social, historical and cultural environment. |
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Definition
| The effects of cultural and societal layers (such as mass media and cultural values) on organizational, interpersonal, and individual communication behavior. |
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Definition
| the effect of lower layers (such as individuals and interpersonal relationships) on higher layers (such as culture) |
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| The individual layer of intercultural communication |
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Definition
| focuses on an individual's interpretations of the beliefs, values, and norms about a culture as wellas the socialization that one receives from family and organizations. |
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Definition
| the assumption that what is true of the collective is true of all the individuals of that collective. |
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Definition
| one's self image, composed of an independent and and interdependent self. |
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Term
| independent self-construal |
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Definition
| view of self as autonomous, self-reliant, unencumbered, and rational choice-makers; common in individualistic cultures |
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| interdependent self-construal |
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Definition
| view of self as group-bound, obigatory agents, and relational harmony seekers; common in collectivistic cultures. |
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Definition
| preference for equal treatment regardless of people's position, status, rank, or age. |
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Definition
| preference for differential treatment with due respect to people's position, titles, and age. |
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Term
| The interpersonal layer of intercultural communication |
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Definition
| focuses on the primary relationships that we have with others. |
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Definition
| the degree to which families value and create a climate of open flow of communication and exchanges of ideas about attitudes, beliefs, and values. |
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Definition
| the degree to which families create a climate that stresses homogeneity of attitudes, values, and beliefs. |
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Term
| The organizational layer of intercultural communication |
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Definition
| focuses on culture in the places in which we work and go to school. _________ provide us with an opportunity to interact with people from other cultures that we normally might not have contact with. |
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Definition
| a system of socially-constructed symbols and meaning, premises, and rules, pertaining to communication conduct. |
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Definition
| broad values tendencies of people in a culture to emphasize the individual identity over group identity and individual rights over group obligations. |
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Term
| low-context communication |
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Definition
| the transmission of explicit, precise, and direct messages relying on verbal communication; meaning resides in the message. |
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Definition
| broad value tendencies of people in a culture to emphasize the group identity over the individual identity as well as group-oriented concerns over individual wants and desires. |
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| high-context communication |
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Definition
| the transmission of implicit, ambiguous, and indirect messages, often relying on nonverbal communication. |
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Definition
| the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. |
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Definition
| the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations |
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Definition
| the extent to which a society stresses achievement or nurture. |
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Definition
| the fostering of virtues oriented towards future rewards, in particular perseverance and thrift. |
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Term
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Definition
| the fostering of virtues related to the past and present, in particular, respect for tradition, preservation of 'face' and fulfilling social obligations. |
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Definition
| the worldview of a group of people |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual's identity is composed of multiple dimensions, and it is this constellation of identities that makes us who we are. |
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Definition
| Unique qualities of ourselves such as personality and relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aspects we share with other individuals who belong to the same perceived group such as age, class, gender, national culture, religion, and ethnicity. |
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Definition
| the degree to which an identity is prominent or stands out to us in a given situation. |
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Definition
| the degree of importance of a particular identity. |
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Definition
| the process of telling others what identity(ies) you wish to present or how you see yourself. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of assigning in another person what you think his or her identity should be. |
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Term
| Unexamined Cultural Identity |
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Definition
| First identity phase in which individuals do not question question their cultural or ethnic identities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Second identity phase in which individuals become aware of cultural differences and begin a continuous process of looking for information and explanation about their culture and other cultures in order to define their identities. |
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Term
| Cultural identity achievement |
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Definition
| Third identity phase in which individuals feel that have a good grasp of their cultural identities; they have reached a sense of clarity and confidence about their identities. |
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Definition
| people who identify as members of our own cultural group. |
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Definition
| People whom we identify as outside of our cultural group. |
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Term
| Social Identity Theory (SIT) |
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Definition
| Focuses on how the social categorization of people into groupings affects interactions between people of different social identities (for example, national or ethnic culture). In particular, it emphasizes that people have a desire to enhance their self-image and to differentiate themselves from other groups. |
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Term
| Ethnolinguistic Identity Theory (ELIT) |
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Definition
| focuses on the conditions upon which identity differentiation occurs, particularly around language and identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which a language is desirable and viable in a society. |
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Definition
| Viewing a person only in terms of cultural identity. |
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Definition
| Ignoring cultural identities and only focusing on personal characteristics. |
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Definition
| Managing the dialectic between supporting your own cultural identity versus that of the other person. |
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Definition
| Communication with others (and with oneself) to uncover and examine biases, hidden assumptions, and privileges. |
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Definition
| The freedom to choose action and to enact identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Identities given to others that put them in a lower or inferior position compared to one's own group. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Personal (individual layer)
2. Relational (interpersonal layer)
3. Organizational (organizational layer)
4. Cultural/Social (community/cultural layer) |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of collecting information and then making sense of it; the meaning we attach to behavior. |
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Term
| Person-based attributions |
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Definition
| Attributions based on individual characteristics. |
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Term
| Category or Group-based attributions |
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Definition
| Attributions based on group characteristics or social memberships/identities. |
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Term
| Situation-based Attributions |
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Definition
| Attributions based on the physical characteristics (people, place, things) of a given interaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Viewing our own behavior as normal and appropriate and the standards by which to judge others' behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The desire to maintain a positive self-image. |
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Term
| Fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| The tendency to overestimate the influence of personal characteristics and underestimate the influence of situational factors when we explain others' negative behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to overestimate situational factors and under-emphasize personal factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| An error that occurs when we stop looking for explanations for behavior (our own and others') once we have found a plausible or reasonable explanation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to overemphasize negative information when making attributions about behavior. |
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Term
| Ultimate attribution error |
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Definition
| Tendency to overemphasize category-based factors and under-emphasize situation-based factors to explain negative behavior from people who are culturally different than us. |
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Term
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Definition
| our predisposition toward an object or person. |
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Term
| Intercultural Sensitivity |
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Definition
| Capacity to accept and accommodate cultural difference. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inherent belief in the superiority of our own culture versus others. |
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Term
| Three specific stages of ETHNOCENTRISM |
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Definition
1. Denial of difference
2. Defense of difference
3. Minimization of difference |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that all cultures are appropriate and normal and that recognizes an attempt to evaluate and interpret people's behavior from their cultural background. |
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Term
| Three specific stages of ETHNORELATIVISM |
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Definition
1. Acceptance of difference
2. Adaptation of difference
3. Integration of difference |
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Term
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Definition
| Attitude that combines both belief (cognitive) and affect (emotion) toward a group of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| overgeneralized cognitions about a group of people with no attempt to identify within-group variation. |
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Definition
| An irrationally based negative attitude toward a racial or ethnic group, coupled with actions that discriminate against that group. |
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Definition
| Action that maintains the dominance of one group of people over another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Differential access to goods, services, and opportunities of society by race. |
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Term
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Definition
| When our messages and identity tend to focus on the cultural and group identities of the individuals who are interacting. |
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Term
| Interpersonal communication |
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Definition
| When the motivations, messages, and rules focus on the unique aspects of our relationship with others, regardless of cultural background. |
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Term
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Definition
| People who go to another country to stay for a certain period of time and then return home; generally between six months and five years. |
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Definition
| People who move to a new permanent cultural context that is different from the one in which they were raised. Immigrants and refugees are two types of migrants. |
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Definition
| People who move to a new permanent cultural context that is different from the one in which they were raised. Immigrants and refugees are two types of migrants. |
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Definition
| The psychological and emotional reaction people experience when they encounter a culture that is very different from their own. |
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Term
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Definition
| The feeling of fascination and excitement about going to a new culture; first stage of the W-shaped model. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second stage of the W-shaped model in which the differences between sojourners and the host culture create problems; minor issues become major problems and cultural differences become irritating. |
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Definition
| The third stage of the W-shaped model in which sojourners begin to see some positive aspects about the host culture and its people again (after a crisis). |
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Definition
| The fourth stage of the W-shaped model; sojourners have gained a level of competence in the new culture. |
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Definition
| The fifth stage of the W-shaped model; sojourners have a negative psychological and emotional reaction upon their return to their home culture. |
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Definition
| The sixth stage of the W-shaped model; sojourners begin the adjustment back to their home culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process faced by individuals who relocate to an unfamiliar sociocultural environment in striving to establish and maintain a relatively stable, reciprocal, and functional relationship with the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of unlearning some of our old cultural values and practices. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of learning some, but not all, of the host culture values and practices. |
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Term
| Intercultural transformation |
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Definition
| The progression of internal change that results in observable behavioral changes representing adaptation to the new culture; outcomes include functional fitness, psychological health, and the development of an intercultural identity. |
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Definition
| An individual who is a member of a system but is not strongly attached to that system. |
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Definition
| Communication that maximizes understanding. |
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Definition
| The use of similar speech patterns and nonverbal behaviors to another person. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior that includes the use of differing verbal and nonverbal patterns. |
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