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| More than two individuals who are connected by and within social relationships |
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| Influential actions, processes, and changes that occur within and between groups over time |
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| the strength of bonds linking members to one another |
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| As described by Donald Campbell, the extent to which an assemblage of individuals is perceived to be a group rather than an aggregation of independent, unrelated individuals |
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| the individuals who compose the group and their unique and common qualities |
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| any group interaction that occurs between when the group is formed and when he group dissolves |
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| The endpoint or final product, can be different for different types of groups (e.g. performance, decision, project completion, etc.) |
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| The underlying pattern of roles, norms, and relations among members that organizes groups |
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| A coherent set of behaviors expected of people who occupy specific positions within a group. |
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| A consensual and often implicit standard that describes what behaviors should and should not be performed in a given context |
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| circumplex model of group tasks |
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| A conceptual taxonomy developed by Joseph McGrath that orders groups tasks in a circular pattern based on two continua: cooperative-competitive and conceptual-behavioral |
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| McGrath's Four Basic Group Goals |
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Definition
1. Generating
2. Choosing
3. Negotiating
4. Executing |
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| Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) Model |
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| A theory proposed by Abraham Tesser which assumes that individuals maintain and enhance self-esteem by associating with high-achieving individuals who excel in areas that are not relevant to their own sense of self-esteem and avoiding association with high-achieving individuals who excel in areas that are important to their sense of self-esteem. |
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| Evaluating the accuracy of personal beliefs and attitudes by comparing oneself to others. |
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| maintained that people often rely on others for information about themselves and the environment; begins when people find themselves in ambiguous, confusing situations. |
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| A change in opinion, judgment, or action to match the opinions, judgments, or actions of other group members or the groups normative standards. |
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| An experimental procedure developed by ______in his studies of conformity to group opinion. Participants believed they were making perceptual judgment as part of a group, but the other members were confederates who made deliberate errors on certain trials. |
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| Members monitor their behavior to avoid any embarrassing lapses of social poise and are tentative when expressing their personal opinions. |
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| Marked by personal conflicts between individual members who discover that they just do not get along, procedural conflict over the group’s goals and procedures, and competition between individual members for authority, leadership, and more prestigious roles. |
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Groups becomes both unified and organized
Differences of opinion still arise , but now they are dealt with through constructive discussion and negotiation |
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| Members shift their attention from what the group is to what the group needs to do. |
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| 5. Adjourning (dissolution) |
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Definition
Planned ________
Takes place when the group accomplishes its goals or exhausts its time and resources
Spontaneous ________
Occurs when the group’s end is not scheduled,
In some cases, an unanticipated problem may arise that makes continued |
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| French and Raven's Power Bases |
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| Sources of social power in a group, including one’s degree of control over rewards and punishment, authority in the group, attractiveness, expertise, and access to and control over information needed by group members. |
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| Power based on one’s control over the distribution of rewards (both personal and impersonal) given or offered to group members. |
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| Power based on one’s ability to punish or threaten others who do not comply with requests or demands |
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| Power based on an individual’s socially sanctioned claim to a position or role that gives the occupant the right to require and demand compliance with his or her directives. |
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| Power based on group members’ identification with, attraction to, or respect for the powerholder. |
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| Power that derives from subordinates’ assumption that the powerholder possesses superior skills and abilities. |
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| Improvement in task performance that occurs when people work in the presence of other people rather than working alone. |
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| In general, an analysis of human motivation that stresses the impact of psychological or physiological needs or desires on individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and actions; also an explanation of social facilitation proposed by Robert Zajonc, which maintains that the presence of others evokes a generalized drive state characterized by increased readiness and arousal. |
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| A measurement method that involves watching and recording individual and group actions |
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| attraction of members to one another and to the group as a whole |
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| Capacity to perform successfully as a coordinated unit and as a part of the group |
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| The Constructed coherence of the group: sense of belonging to the group; unity |
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| Emotional intensity of the group and individuals when in the group. |
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| Patterns of information transmission and exchange that describe who communicates most frequently and to what extent with whom. |
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| Interpersonal processes that change the thoughts, feelings, or behaviors of another person. |
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| Social pressure exerted by the larger portion of a group on individual members and smaller factions within the group. |
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| Social pressure exerted by a lone individual or smaller faction of a group on members of the majority faction. |
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| An analysis of social influence developed by Bibb Latane which proposes that the impact of any source of influence depends upon the strength , the immediacy, and number of people (sources) present. |
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| Change that occurs when the targets of social influence publicly accept the influencer’s position but privately maintain their original beliefs. |
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| Lucifer Effect (Zimbardo) |
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Definition
| The transformation of benign individuals into morally corrupt ones by powerful, but malevolent, social situations |
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