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| communication between cultures |
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| could include all of the above |
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| intrapersonal, interpersonal, small group, intercultural, organizational, public speaking |
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| Miller's "critical" features of communication (5) |
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1. occurs between 2+ people
2. process (no beginning/no end), prejudgments are technically the beginning
3. transactional: co-created
4. symbolic: different interpretation to different people
5. involves beings that have "agency" (people) |
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| elements of the communication model (9) |
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1. sender
2. receiver
3. message
4. channel
5. noise
6. feedback
7. context
8. stimulus: internal/external
9. coding
10. frames of reference: speaker's worldview (filter) |
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| originator/ source of message |
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| person to whom the sender directs the message |
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| what the sender says and does, verbal and nonverbal, during a communication episode |
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physical, semantic, and hierarchical influences that either disrupt or shape the interpretation of messages
-can be internal or external, internal: hungover, need sleep |
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| activity of providing senders and receivers with responses to their communication, ideas, and identities |
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| way that a message is conveyed from sender to receiver |
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| physical arrangement of the space, cultural context the participants bring to the situation, and the communication history that exists between the participants |
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1. Choose a communication goal
2. Create your message
3. Coordinate a communication event
4. Deliver message |
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| internal motivation triggers messages |
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| something external provokes communication: standing around the keg at a party |
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1. can have "perfect" communication
2. can "take back" what you say
3. communication can solve all problems
4. more communication is always better
5. meanings in the words: words are always interpreted the way you intend
6. a single person or event causes another reaction |
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1. coincidental
2. conference
3. informational interviewing |
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1. perception
2. schemata
3. person prototypes
4. personal constructs
5. scripts |
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| how we process and interpret cues from a person's outward appearance, voice, and language usage |
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| mental pattern recognition plans that "help us identify and organize incoming information" |
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| specific evaluations we make of others based on our assessment of their personal communication habits and behaviors |
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| phatic communication, the patterned sequences of talk that we use every day (scripted) |
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| performance review, ethical interviewing |
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| review or critique of an employee's work and job performance |
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| interviewing that asks in appropriate and indirect ways about marital status, children, citizenship, race, age, physical attributes, military service, and/or criminal record. questions should not require justification |
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| meeting with people to exchange information |
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1. create a contact list
2. keep track of your progress |
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| (~200 #'s) family, friends, past coworkers, professors, former managers, fraternity/sorority, clubs or group involvement |
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| how to keep track of progress (6) |
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1. who did you talk to (contact info)
2. how you met, where and when
3. his/her background
4. what did you discuss
5. result
6. contacting individual again (usually within 6 months to keep them in network) |
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| effective informational interview criteria (7) |
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1. determine what is and what could it potentially do for you
2. determine how you should obtain an interview: email, cold calling, call family friend
3. request about 20-30 min
4. ask effective and intelligent questions (from list)
5. Thank interviewee
6. jot notes to self
7. thank you letter (within 3 business days) |
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| informational interview: what you will turn in (4) |
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1. one page reaction (12pt times new roman, double spaced) : what worked for you, was it beneficial, did you get your questions answered
2. questions asked and brief answers received
3. thank you letter
4. letter and survey for interviewee (addressed and postmarked envelope) |
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| Informational Interview thank you letter criteria (4) |
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Definition
1. reiterate the connection
2. reinforce value
3. reassert interest
4. closing |
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| know the following concepts (2) |
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1. look for a job that is fit for you rather than try to fit yourself into an available position
2. never burn a bridge |
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1. power distance
2. individualism/collectivism
3. high/low context
4. gender orientation
5. tolerance for uncertainty
6. time orientation |
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| barriers of effective intercultural communication (6) |
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1. culture shock (reverse)
2. emphasizing differences over similarities
3. assuming similarities
4. over-generalizing
5. viewing cultural norms as static
6. viewing culture through an ethnocentric lens (negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of ones own culture) |
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| why we should be concerned about culture living in the U.S. (5) |
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1. high level of immigration to the U.S.
2. U.S. cities -minorities/majorities
3. many U.S. residents are non English 1st language
4. # of individuals under 35 years old part of minority group
5. shifting minority/majority populations within the U.S. |
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| ways to improve your interpersonal competence (3) |
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Definition
1. knowledge
2. motivation
3. skill |
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| ways to use knowledge to improve interpersonal competence (3) |
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1. seek information
2. ask questions and listen
3. develop a third culture (combined/shared aspects of both cultures to reach a "compromise" culture) |
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| ways to use motivation to improve interpersonal competence (2) |
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1. tolerable ambiguity
2. avoid negative judgments (avoid ethnocentrism) |
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| ways to use skill to improve interpersonal competence (4) |
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1. become other-oriented
2. empathize
3. platinum rule: treat others how they want to be treated
4. adapt to others |
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| individualistic cultures/characteristics (6) |
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1. put individual goals first, answer to ourselves
2. value difference/uniqueness, competitive and often hierarchical
3. value privacy and autonomy (self governing), regulate personal space
4. value freedom of expression: tend to express both positive and negative emotions more spontaneously when with friends and loved ones
5. curve emotions to reach goals
6. U.S., U.K., Australia, Canada (english speaking) |
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| collectivistic cultures/characteristics (3) |
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1. preserve group over self: cohesion over autonomy and group society put first
2. expression of negative emotion that could upset the balance of harmony with one's family or broader social groups are inhibited
3. most eastern countries and some countries in south america |
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| low context cultures/characteristics (2) |
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1. verbal communication is expected to be explicit and is often interpreted literally
2. swiss, germany, scandinavia, U.S. |
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| high context cultures/characteristics (2) |
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1. verbal communication is often ambiguous and meaning is drawn from contextual cues, not explicitly stated (voice, facial cues)
2. china, japan, south korea, taiwan (asian countries) |
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1. decentralized power (low power distance)
2. centralized power (high power distance) |
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| low power distance (decentralized) cultures/characteristics (3) |
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1. power is not highly concentrated
2. bigger middle class, smaller upper and lower classes
3. australia, israel, denmark, new zealand |
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| high power distance (centralized) cultures/characteristics (2) |
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1. power is highly concentrated
2. philippines, mexico, venezuela, india (large countries, large population) |
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| feminine gender orientation cultures/characteristics (5) |
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1. sensitivity towards others
2. values quality of life
3. communication (rapport): discussion
4. androgynous
5. sweden, norway, netherlands, denmark (scandinavian cultures) |
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| masculine gender orientation (5) |
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1. men and women roles are highly distinguished
2. more traditional roles
3. values: achievement, assertiveness, heroism, material wealth
4. communication (report)
5. japan, australia, venezuela, italy |
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| types of tolerance for uncertainty (2) |
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1. high avoidance
2. high tolerance |
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| high avoidance to uncertainty cultures/characteristics (2) |
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1. find unfamiliar situations problematic
2. greece, portugal, belgium, japan |
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| high tolerance to uncertainty cultures/characteristics (2) |
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1. accepting of unfamiliar situations
2. singapore, denmark, sweden, hong kong (U.S. # 9) |
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| time orientation types (2) |
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1. monochronic
2. polychronic |
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| monochronic cultures/characteristics (3) |
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1. treats time as a finite commodity
2. saved, earned, spent, wasted
3. U.S., Germany, Swiss |
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| polychronic cultures/characteristics (3) |
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1. treats time as and infinite resource
2. time is fluid
3. latin america, arab parts of middle east, sub-saharan africa |
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