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| an audience's perception of a speaker as competent, trustworthy, knowledgeable, and dynamic |
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| an illustration or brief story |
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| a question intended to provoke thought, rather than elicit an answer |
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| the quality of a conclusion that makes a speech "sound finished" |
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| detailed outline of a speech that includes main ideas, subpoints, and supporting material, and that may also include specific purpose, introduciton, blueprint, internal previews and summaries, transitions, and conclusion |
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| use of geometric shapes to sketch how all teh main ideas, subpoints, and supporting material of a speech related to the central idea and to one another |
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| condensed and abbreviated outline from which speaking notes are developed |
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| an alphabetical list of words and their synonyms |
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| the literal meaning of a word |
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| meaning listeners associate with a word, based on past experience |
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| a variety of English that includes words and phrases used by a specific ethnic group |
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| English taught by schools and used in the media, business, and government in the U.S. |
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| language that deviates from teh ordinary, expected meaning of words to make a description or comparison unique, vivid, and memorable |
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| an implied comparison between two things or concepts |
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| a comparison between two things that uses the word like or as |
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| attribution of human qualities to inanimate things or ideas |
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| reversal of the normal word order of a phrase or sentence |
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| withholding a key word or phrase until the end of a sentence |
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| use of the same grammatical pattern for two or more clauses or sentences |
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| opposition, such as that used in two-part sentences in which the second part contrasts in meaning with the first |
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| use of a key word or phrase more than once for emphasis |
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| the repetition of a consonant sound (usually the first consonant) several times in a phrase, clause, or sentence |
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| communication other than written or spoken language that creates meaning |
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| emotional contagion theory |
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| a theory suggesting that people tend to "catch" the emotions of others |
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| reading a speech from a written text |
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| delivering a speech word for word from memory without using notes |
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delivering a speech without advance preparation |
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| speaking form a written or memorized speech outline without having memorized the exact wording of the speech |
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| degree of perceived physical or psychological closeess between people |
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| behaviors such as making eye contact, making appropriate gestures, and adjusting physical distance that enhance the quality of the relationship between speaker and listeners |
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| softness or loudness of a speaker's voice |
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| production of clear and distinct speech sounds |
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| a consistent style of pronouncing words that is common to an ethnic group or geographic region |
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| use of sounds to form words clearly and accurately |
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| variation in the pitch of the voice |
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microphone that can be clipped to an article of clothing or worn on a cord aorund your neck |
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| microphone that is suspended from a bar and moved to follow the speacker; often used in movies and TV |
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| microphone attched to a lectern, sitting on a desk, or standing on the floor |
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| anything tangible (drawings, charts, graphs, video images, photographs, sounds) that helps communciate an idea to an audience |
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| a small object that represents a larger object |
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| pictorial representation of statistical data |
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| graph in which bars of various lengths represent info |
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| circular graph divided into wedges that show the distribution of data |
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| graph that uses lines or curves to show relationships between two or more variables |
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| graph that uses images or pictures to symbolize data |
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| display that summarizes info by using words, numebrs, or images |
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computer-generated graphics |
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| images, charts, graphs, and words that are created using a computer program |
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| images or pictures stored in a computer file or in printed form that can be used in a presentation aid |
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| particular style of typeface |
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| an electronic file of images, words, and sounds on a compact disk |
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electronic storage mode similar to a CD-ROM, except that it can store much more info and display it with exceptional clarity and fidelity |
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| process of changing or reinforcing a listener's attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors |
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| elaboration likelihood model (ELM) of persuasion |
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| theory that people can be persuaded by logic, evidence, and reasoning, or through a more peripheral route that may depend on the credibililty of the speaker, the sheer number of arguments presented, or emotional appeals |
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| internal force that drives people to achieve their goals |
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| sense of mental discomfort that prompts a person to change when new info conflicts with previously organized thought patterns |
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| need to achieve one's highest potential |
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| theory that categorizes listener responses to a persuasive message as in the latitude of acceptance, the latitude of rejection, or the latitude of noncommitment |
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| theory that categorizes listener responses to a persuasive message as in the latitude of acceptance, the latitude of rejection, or the latitude of noncommitment |
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| statement that summarizes the ideas with which a speaker wants an audience to agree |
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| proposition that focuses on whether something is true or fale or whether it did or did not happen |
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| calls for the listener to judge the worth or importance of something |
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| advocates a change in a policy, procedure, or behavior |
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| term Aristotle used to refer to a speaker's credibility |
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| an aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as believable and honest |
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| an aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as energetic |
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| characteristic of a talented, charming, attractive speaker |
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| the impression of a speaker's credibility that listeners have before the speaker starts a speech |
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| perception of a speaker's credibility that is formed during a speech |
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| final impression listeners have of a speaker's credibility, after a speech concludes |
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| literally, "the word"' the term Aristotle used to refer to logic--the formal system of using rules to reach a conclusion |
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| reasoning that uses specific instances or examples to reach a general, probable conclusion |
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| an all-encompassing statement |
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| reasoning that moves from a general statement of principle to a specific, certain conclusion |
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| 3 part way of developing an argument, using a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion |
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| general statement that is the first element of a syllogism |
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| specific statement about an example that is linked to the major premise; the second element of a syllogism |
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| logical outcome of a deductive argument, which stems from the major premise and the minor premise |
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| reasoning in which the relationship between two or more events leads you to conclude that one or more of the events caused the others |
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| illustration used to dramatize or clarify a fact |
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| false reasoning that occurs when someone attempts to persuade without adequate evidence or with arguments that are irrelevant or inappropriate |
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| a faulty cause-and-effect connection between two things or events |
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| reasoning that suggests that because everyone else believes something or is doing something, then it must be valid or correct |
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| oversimplification of an issue into a choice between only two outcomes or possibilities |
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| attack on irrelevant personal characteristics of the person who is proposing an idea, rather than on the idea itself |
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| irrelevant facts or information used to distract someone from the issue under discussion |
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| appeal to misplaced authority |
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| use of the testimony of an expert in a given field to endorse an idea or product for which the expert does not have the appropriate credentials or expertise |
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| term used by Aristotle to refer to appeals to human emotion |
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| shared belief based on the underlying values, cultural heritage, and faith of a group of people |
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| a speaker who gains control over others by using unethical emotional pleas and appeals to listeners' prejudices |
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| oral presentation of information or policy made in and related to the workplace |
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| speech designed to inform the public, to strengthen alliances with them, and in some cases to recommend policy |
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| a speech that provides info about another speaker |
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| a brief salute to a momentous occasion |
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a speech that accompanies the presenation of an award |
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| speech that officially recommends someone as a candidate for an office or position |
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| a speech of thanks for an award, nomination, or other honor |
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| a speech that sets the theme and tone for a meeting or conference |
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| a speech delivered during ceremonies held in memory of some past event and/or the person of persons involved |
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| speech of tribute to someone who has died |
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| entertaining speech, usually delivered in conjunction with a mealtime meeting or banquet |
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| phrase in which the initial sounds of words are switched |
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| mistaken use of a word that sounds much like the intended word |
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| downplaying a fact or event |
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| saying the opposite of what one means |
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| saying the opposite of what one means |
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| relating an incident that takes an unexpected turn at the end |
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| small group communication |
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| interaction among from 3 to 12 people who share a common purpose, feel a sense of belonging to the group, and influence one another |
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| coordinated small group of people organized to work together with clearly defined roles and responsibilities, explicit rules, and well-defined goals |
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a method of structuring a problem-solving discussion that involves (1) identifiying and defining teh problem (2) analyzing the problem (3)generating possible solutions (4) selecting the best solution, and (5)testing and implementing the solution |
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| examination of the causes, effects, and history of a problem to understand it better |
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| standards for identifying an acceptable solution to a problem |
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| support and commitment of all group members to the decision of the group |
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process of influencing others through communication |
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| transformational leadership |
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| process of influencing others by building a shared vision of the future, inspiring others to achieve, developing high-quality individual relationships with others, and helping people see how what they do is related to a larger framework or system |
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| written description of the items and issues that a group will discuss during a meeting |
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| public discussion in which a series of short speeches is presented to an audience |
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