Term
| What is de-individuation? |
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Definition
| When we lose our rational and moral individuality and "subconsciously" conform to a far more dangerous group mentality. |
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Term
| Explain Stoner's "Risky Shift" phenomenon. What lesson should we learn from Stoner? |
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Definition
Groups were previously thought to be more conservative, but Stoner found that they actually take more risks than individuals. Comes from diffusion of responsibility.
We need to be careful in groups b/c it happens subconsciously. |
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Term
| What is the "Bystander Effect"? What are 3 case studies? |
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Definition
| We diffuse responsibility to others and feel less obligated to help. Kitty Genovese, 11 boys raping woman, bloody woman in streets w/ 40 silent onlookers. |
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Term
| What is "Group Polarization"? |
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Definition
| It says that people with different beliefs will converge with others' beliefs when put into a group. Moves opinions to extremes, however. They keep the opinions for about two weeks. |
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Term
| What do groups tend to impose on us? |
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Definition
| Social expectations and self-fulfilling prophecies that shape who we are. |
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Term
| What three ingredients are needed to act out according to the "Behavioral Contagion Theory"? |
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Definition
| 1.) Secret wish to act out. 2.)Feeling internal constraints. 3.)Observing one or more acting out. |
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Term
| Why did Sherif's study imply that there was not much hope for groups who are prejudiced against one another today? |
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Definition
| Because "healing" situations like Sherif used are not found in real life. |
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Term
| What have we learned from Minimal-Group studies? |
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Definition
| 1.) Why and how long we hate other groups is irrelevant. 2.) We divide first, then hate. Not vice versa. 3.)Skin color is another absurd division. 4.)When group categories change, groups unite. 5.)Group classification is all it takes for people to hate each other. |
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Term
| What are the six schools of thought about organizational management? |
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Definition
| 1.) Mom and Pop 2.)Classical 3.) Human Relations 4.)Human Resource 5.)Teamwork 6.)Cultural |
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Term
| What characterized the Mom and Pop school? What was wrong with it? |
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Definition
| Small, informal, no philosophies about leadership and motivation, boss/dad told family/workers what to do. Unable to handle mass production and mass labor. |
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Term
| What inspired the Classical School? |
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Definition
| 1.) Factories/Machines 2.)Military |
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Term
| What characterizes the Classical School? |
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Definition
| 1.) Love of science 2.)Workers motivated by $ and fear 3.)Workers are expendable 4.)Leaders are gods 5.)Managers are detached |
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Term
| What led to the Human Relations School? |
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Definition
| 1.) empowered/informed soldiers 2.)Labor unions 3.)Academic research |
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Term
| What characterizes Human Relations School? |
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Definition
| 1.)Treat workers with respect 2.)Motivated by self-esteem and happiness 3.)Still Classical at heart 4.)Ask workers insincerely for feedback |
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Term
| What characterizes Human Resource School? |
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Definition
| 1.) Workers are untapped resource 2.)Communication is key, between all position levels. 3.)Challenging workers makes them self-motivated 4.)Managers have new role as facilitators of the process |
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Term
| What four ideas does the Teamwork School use? |
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Definition
| 1.)"Human Resource" thinking 2.)"Groups" are better than individuals 3.)Encourage open thinking (less departmentalization) 4.)Eliminate fear of leadership |
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Term
| What is the best approach to schools of management? |
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Definition
| Have the most "tools" available to handle all types of situations |
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Term
| "The massive selection of media choices must mean that there are thousands of independent and competing companies." -What is the reality of this statement? |
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Definition
| Corporate media is one of the most monopolized and centralized industries in the world. |
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Term
| Who are the "Big 8"? (5 American, 3 international) |
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Definition
| 1.) Time-Warner 2.)News Corp. 3.)Walt Disney 4.)Viacom 5.)GE 6.)Vivendi Universal 7.)Bertelsmann 8.)Sony |
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Term
| "The media are concerned with their public." -What is the reality behind this statement? |
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Definition
| The media is a business, all decisions are driven by money. |
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Term
| "The media operates to give viewers entertainment." -Why is this statement false? |
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Definition
| Media is not selling entertainment, advertisement is the product. |
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Term
| "New stations are created to give the viewers more choices." -What is false about this statement? |
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Definition
| New stations are formed to effectively "organize" viewers so that they can advertise more easily to certain groups. |
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Term
| What are the four ideas of the Agenda-Setting Theory? |
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Definition
| 1.)Media news presents a pseudo-reality. 2.)Media bosses decide what we see/hear. 3.)Money drives media's decisions. 4.)Media "sets our agenda" about what to think about |
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Term
| What did McCombs and Shaw find about people and viewing the media? |
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Definition
| The public cares most about the issues that the media tells it to care about. |
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Term
| What has the media done to our attention to real problems? |
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Definition
| We have a short attention span and hop from one issue to another, never actually getting anything done about them. |
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Term
| When is it most effective to present new "dramas" in a scattered manner? |
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Definition
| 1.)At beginning of event 2.)It deals with unobtrusive events, no hands-on contact. 3.)One is uncommitted 4.)Uses the right medium (TV for national, paper for local) |
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Term
| What is the most important subject to viewers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did George Gerbner find with his Cultivation Theory? |
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Definition
| Heavy viewers believe that reality is more like TV reality than their first-hand experiences. People can't separate fact fiction and suffer from "Mean-World Syndrome". |
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Term
| What characterizes "high viewers" suffering from the Mean-World Syndrome? |
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Definition
| 1.)Fearful at night 2.)Cynical of people 3.)Overestimate chance of being victimized 4.)Pessimistic about future 5.)Believe neighborhoods are unsafe 6.)Believe crime is a very serious personal problem 7.)Assume crime is increasing 8.)Likely to invest in security measures for home |
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Term
| What is the most powerful strategy in advertising? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the seven most common visual strategies against women in advertising? |
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Definition
| 1.)Dismemberment 2.)Product location, Hot Spot 3.)Female's inviting gaze 4.)Light and lines, leading the eye 5.)Message through pose, masturbation, etc. 6.)Double meanings of words 7.)Model's posture, folded woman, etc. |
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Term
| What do we need to remember about how women are presented in the media? |
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Definition
| If any other group was degraded to that degree, we would be outraged. |
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Term
| What three lessons do females learn from the media? |
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Definition
| 1.) Be very thin, tall and white 2.)Perfect beauty is common and expected 3.)Always remain young |
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Term
| What seven lessons do men learn about women from the media? |
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Definition
| 1.)Women NEED sex & men 2.)Women are silly sex objects 3.)Women are only objects of men's gaze 4.)Women are willing to be with other women for his pleasure 5.)Young, naive girls are most desirable 6.)Women are not real humans with souls, only dehumanized objects 7.)Women love being treated roughly |
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Term
| What are the four themes of dehumanization for women? |
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Definition
| 1.) Dehumanized animal 2.)Dehumanized Object 3.)Dehumanized doll/mannequin 4.)Dehumanized body part |
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Term
| What are the consequences of the media telling men to be "men's men"? |
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Definition
| 1.)Men can't live up to standards 2.)Becoming overly violent 3.)Hurting relationships 4.)Limit men's freedom in defining themselves |
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Term
| What does the Social Learning Theory say? |
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Definition
| 1.)We learn by observing and imitating others. 2.)We spend lots of time watching others on TV. 3.)We see lots of sex and violence on TV. 4.)Do we imitate what we observe on TV as well? |
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Term
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Definition
| No, when presented with realistic consequences involved, it can reduce aggression. |
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Term
| How did Rosenthal and Jacobson test "self-fulfilling prophecies"? What were the findings? Why? |
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Definition
| "Rapid achievers" scenario on elementary students. "Achievers" received more respect, responsibility to lead, and more time invested by teachers. IQ shot up 3 times higher. B/c people expected these kids to live up to greatness. Shows how a group can shape people. |
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Term
| What was Zimbardo's "prison study" trying to figure out? What were his findings? |
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Definition
| Why normal people will torture and abuse others. Found that shed their own identities and took on the group's expectations (abusive guards, submissive prisoners) even though they didn't "have to". The situation temporarily undid a lifetime of learning. |
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Term
| What happened initially in Sherif's summer camp experience? |
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Definition
| All the boys lived together first, to make friends. Then, they were divided into groups, separating friends. Bonded with new group members and competed with other group. Groups began to hate each other, even previously close friends. |
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Term
| After Sherif had two hostile groups, what did he try to do? |
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Definition
| Reunite the groups through pleasant social contact and "urgent" situations. It took several attempts to reduce friction between groups. |
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Term
| What is the scary part about Sherif's findings? |
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Definition
| These boys had no prior history of hate or distrust. Imagine if there was a long history of hatred between groups? |
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Term
| What happened in Jane Elliot's "Blue vs. Brown" study? |
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Definition
| Separated students into two groups, by eye color, telling them that blue eyes were superior. Within minutes, hostility arose between groups and both began fulfilling their roles (brown expected mistreatment b/c of inferiority, blue felt the need to bully). |
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Term
| What does the Cultural school believe? |
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Definition
| That each company has its own culture, some better than others (tight-knit, shared values, rituals, etc.) |
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Term
| What are the four myths of media? |
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Definition
| 1.)Media is a competitive and diverse business. 2.)Media are concerned with the public. 3.)Media operates to give viewers entertainment. 4.)New stations are created so that we have more choices. |
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Term
| What are the realities behind the four myths of media? |
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Definition
| 1.)Corporate media is one of the most centralized and monopolized industries in the world. 2.)The media's obligations are to their shareholders, not the public. All decisions are driven by $$. 3.)Entertainment is not the media's product, WE ARE. They sell us to large advertisers. 4.)New stations just organize us into effective advertising groups, de-massification. |
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Term
| What does it mean that the media "sets our agendas"? |
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Definition
| They don't tell us what to think, just what to think/worry about. (What's important, what to be concerned about, what we should privilege, what NOT to think about.) If they don't tell us, it doesn't exist for us! |
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Term
| How does the media define a "true man"? |
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Definition
| 1.)Rough & rugged 2.)Aggressive & violent 3.)Individualistic & independent 4.)Competitive 5.)Rich & Successful 6.)Promiscuous and Hypersexual |
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Term
| What happened in the BoBo Doll study? |
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Definition
| Three groups watched a BoBo video. One where person was rewarded for assaulting him, one where person was punished for assaulting him, and a control group that didn't watch anything. Then, they placed each group in a room with BoBo and observed their actions. |
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Term
| What were the BoBo Doll findings? |
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Definition
| 1.)Kids who saw reward were most aggressive. 2.)Kids in control group most aggressive. 3.)Kids who saw punishment least aggressive. 4.)Boys more aggressive. 5.)Kids "copied" techniques from video. |
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Term
| What else is found about violence in the media? |
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Definition
| 1.)Cartoons work as well, often being more violent than adult shows. 2.)Violent sports increase aggression. 3.)Violence is not bad when presented properly. 4.)We model AND learn techniques from the media. 5.)We learn proper context for violence. |
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