Term
| In the anatomical position |
|
Definition
the subject is erect with head facing forward
feet only slightly apart
resembles standing at attention with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body |
|
|
Term
| The appendicular region of the body refers to |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 structures that are on the same side of the body are |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| are found in tissues that exhibit regeneration |
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|
Term
| The framework for almost every tissue composed of |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 subdivisions of blood are |
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Definition
| plasma and formed elements |
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|
Term
| According to the principle of negative feedback, |
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Definition
| detection of deviation from the set point value drives changes that minimize the deviation |
|
|
Term
| The cells in the skin that are responsible for color are |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Homeostasis in the human body is valuable because |
|
Definition
| it provides a regulated environment in which cells can perform their specialized functions |
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|
Term
| the Nernst equation is used to |
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Definition
| calculate the voltage of an electrochemical cell or to find the concentration of one of the components of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| The Nernst equation (written for K+ for example, as EK+=RT/zF in ([K+]extracellular/[K+]intracellular) expresses a mathematical relationship between |
|
Definition
| electrical and chemical energy |
|
|
Term
| What 2 factors make K+ more important than Na+ in determining the resting potential? |
|
Definition
| The membrane is more permeable to K+, and the concentration gradient is higher for K+ |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| is a mechanism for removing surface receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the diffusion of water from areas of higher water concentration to areas of lower water concentration |
|
|
Term
| The subatomic particle that is uncharged is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| To be radioactive, an element must |
|
Definition
| undergo a decay process, emitting high-energy particles from its nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is present in highest concetration in cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the consequences of the fact that water is polar covalent compound is that |
|
Definition
| interactions between the molecules result in surface tension |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| how many electrons the element can accept or donate |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| reduces the surface tension in the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form between hydrogens bonded to nitrogen or oxygen |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| proteins that act as catalysts to promote reactions at body temperature. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| is constantly being remdoled by osteoblasts that absorb bone and osteoclasts that deposit bone |
|
|
Term
| Bones that continue to grow throughout adulthood include |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Externally, bones are described by |
|
Definition
| features that relate to their shape and function |
|
|
Term
| Circumduction is a term that describes what sort of movement? |
|
Definition
| describing a cone in space |
|
|
Term
| The "leg" is properly defined as |
|
Definition
| the part of the lower limb from knee to the ankle |
|
|
Term
| A long bone, such as a leg bone, |
|
Definition
| grows during development in the region called an epiphyseal plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rotation of the arm so that the palm faces anteriorly |
|
|
Term
| The head of the humerus articulates with |
|
Definition
| The glenoid cavity of the scapula |
|
|
Term
| The origin of the biceps muscle is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The muscle type that is characterized by small cells and no striations is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle cells or fibers are each wrapped in connective tissue called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The voltage sensors of the T-tubular endfeet are |
|
Definition
| regulate the Ca++ release channels |
|
|
Term
| repetetive stimulation of muscle can produce a smooth rise in tension or contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the more moveable attachment of a muscle is called its |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For the first few seconds of muscle contraction |
|
Definition
| a ready reserve of energy is available in the form of creatin phosphate |
|
|
Term
| In excitation contraction coupling |
|
Definition
| Ca++ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to the action potential |
|
|
Term
| The functional category of neurons that is responsible for neural integration is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cells of the nervous system that are not neurons are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The inside of the cell has |
|
Definition
| a high internal concentration of K+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can become more inside-negative, which is called depolarization |
|
|
Term
| The system that provides information about the state of the internal orgains is |
|
Definition
| the visceral sensory system |
|
|
Term
| The role of Ca++ in chemical synaptic transmission is |
|
Definition
| to bind to the neurotransmitter molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is enclosed in a sheath of epineurium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is where temperature is regulated |
|
|
Term
| in comparing the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, it is true that |
|
Definition
| the transmitter released by preganglionic cells in both divisions is acetylcholine |
|
|
Term
| a sensory modality refers to |
|
Definition
| what kind of stimulus the receptors are most sensitive to |
|
|
Term
| the photoreceptor type that is responsible for color vision is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time of arrival and intensity |
|
|
Term
| which cranial nerves carry all the taste information? |
|
Definition
| facial and glossopharyngeal |
|
|
Term
Nerves and blood vessels pass through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not a function of the skin?
- protection
- thermoregulation
- somatosensory perception
- vitamin A synthesis
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cells responsible for wear-resistance and waterproof qualities of skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stratum basale, stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, and stratum corneum are all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the process of embryonic development, the epidermis gives rise to three types of specialized structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 2 types of sudoriferous glands are |
|
Definition
eccrine sweat glands, aka merocrine sweat glands
apocrine |
|
|
Term
| the dermis is largely made up of connective tissue with abundant extracellular fibers of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is composed of loose connective tissue, arterioles, venules, and adipose tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As long as the temperature of the body surface exceeds that of the environment, heat can be lost to the environment through conduction, convection, and |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a bad case of sunburn with blistering is considered a form of which type of burn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the term for the type of carcinoma that arises from cells in the stratum spinosum is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The regulatory mechanisms for different body systems differ in detail but almost always involve a principle called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cutaneous blood vessels, sweat glands, and skeletal msucles are all |
|
Definition
| effectors for thermoregulation |
|
|
Term
| a difference in electrical charge between the cytoplasmic and extracellular sides of the plasma membrane is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In cellular fluid dynamics, net movement by diffusion |
|
Definition
| occurs from regions of higher to lower concentration |
|
|
Term
| Channels and carriers are two basic forms of |
|
Definition
| membrane spanning proteins |
|
|
Term
| In primary active transport, the carrier derives its energy from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a process in which intracellular vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are 2 forms of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The diffusive movement of water down a water concentration gradient is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of solution contains a higher impermeant solute concetration and causes cells to shrink? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The atomic ___ of an atom is defined as the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in its nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which one of the following is the strongest type of chemical bond?
- covalent
- hydrogen
- ionic
- nonpolar
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 basic types of chemical reactions? |
|
Definition
synthetic
decomposition
redox |
|
|
Term
| What is formed by the reaction of a strong acid with a strong base? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ration of 1:2:1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| about half of the twenty _______ commonly found in the body are essential, meaning they cannot be synthesized in teh body and must bepresent in the diet in adequate amounts to support protein synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds between the carboxylic acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| allosteric regulation, inhibitors and temperature are all |
|
Definition
| influences on enzyme activity |
|
|
Term
| What is the main difference in the bases between DNA and RNA? |
|
Definition
| in RNA, uracil appears instead of thymine |
|
|
Term
| The _______ is a membrane that lines the Haversian canals and contains osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is the term for the widened area at each end of the bone shaft that joins the shank of the bone to its ends. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of thestructure composed of cartilage that occupies a growth zone between the shaft and the end of a bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The surface features of bone are classified into which of the following three main categories? |
|
Definition
articular surfaces
processes
depressions |
|
|
Term
| Elastic, fibrous and hyaline are 3 types of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structurally, joints can be categorized as cartilaginous, fibrous, or ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which one of the following is not a movement of diarthrotic joints?
- extension
- rotation
- supination
- traction
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sella turcica, formen rotundum, and optic canal are all parts of which one of the following bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The olfactory foramina, crista galli and cribriform plate are all part of the ______ bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which category of vertebrae is characterized by bilateral superior facets and projecting transverse processes with facets. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the pectoral girdle is part of the _____ appendicular skeleton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which 2 types of muscle is the machinery tightly organized into structures called sarcomeres? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of muscle is characterized by single (somatic) innervation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following are common descriptive terms found in muscle names? |
|
Definition
brachialis
brevis
maximus |
|
|
Term
which joint is characterized by the following set of muscles:
pectoralis major
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
deltoid
triceps brachii |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which joint is characterized by the following set of muscles:
pectoralis major
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
deltoid
tricepts brachii |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which principle is described by the terms refractory period, absolute refractory period, and relative refractory period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In _____ contraction, even though tension develops in the muscle, the muscle is not allowed to shorten |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two proteins are the contractile proteins of sarcomeres? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for a muscle with a mixture of fiber types, the effects of _______ include significant increases in the number of myofibrils, the density of mitochondria and stored glycogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of muscle is characterized by structures called intercalated discs, which make end-to-end connections between the plasma membranes of adjacent fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ muscle cells are found surrounding the walls of hollow visceral organs such as the GI tract and blood vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiac muscle relies on ________ innervation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which glands secrete on the skin an oily sebum containing antimicrobial properties but are absent from the palms and soles of the feet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Suppose there are 2 rigid compartments. Once contains pure water and the other a solute of unknown concentration. A permeable barrier is placed between them. According to the principles of osmosis, in which direction will net water movement proceed, and why? |
|
Definition
| It will proceed in the direction of higher solute concentration because osmosis moves down the water concentration gradient. |
|
|
Term
| Which system provides information about the state of the internal organs? |
|
Definition
| the visceral sensory system |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of Ca++ in chemical synaptic transmission? |
|
Definition
| it causes some synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane |
|
|
Term
| damage to the prefrontal cortex of the brain is most likely to affect |
|
Definition
| reasoning skills such as long term planning |
|
|
Term
| A midsaggital section divides the body into |
|
Definition
| equal right and left halves |
|
|
Term
| The diaphragm separates which 2 cavities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which cellular organelle is ATP synthesized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Suppose messenger RNA (mRNA) delivers a protein to a cell it needs to enter the cytoplasm. Which organelle will synthesize this protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of epithelial cell can tolerate stretching (as in the urinary bladder?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A collection of tissue can be classified as an organ if it meets which of the following characteristics? |
|
Definition
| It is composed of at least 2 types of tissue and performs multiple functions in the body. |
|
|
Term
| A collection of tissue can be classified as an organ if it meets which characteristics? |
|
Definition
| It is composed of at least 2 types of tissue and performs multiple functions in the body |
|
|
Term
| skin cells are renewed from which epidermal layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The resilient response of the skin to mechanical distortion is attributed to |
|
Definition
| the connective tissue of the dermis |
|
|
Term
| According to key factors which influence diffusion, the substance most likely to diffuse quickly is |
|
Definition
| a substance diffusing in a gaseous media rather than in a solution |
|
|
Term
| in a negative feedback system, a controller |
|
Definition
| checks variables against a predetermined setpoint |
|
|
Term
| in what type of environment can swelling or shrinkage of cells be avoided? |
|
Definition
| isotonic to the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms of an element that differ in the number of protons |
|
|
Term
| chemical bonds are formed when |
|
Definition
| electrons in the outer orbital of atoms interact |
|
|
Term
| a polar bond results when |
|
Definition
| the electron donor and acceptor are of unequal strength |
|
|
Term
| chemical bonds are formed when |
|
Definition
| electrons in the outer orbital of atoms interact |
|
|
Term
| a polar bond results when |
|
Definition
| two atoms of the same element form a bond, such as 2 H atoms |
|
|
Term
| one mole of solution of any chemical compound contains |
|
Definition
| Avogrado's number of molecules in a liter of water |
|
|
Term
| What happens when a donor atom donates electrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if a strong acid is added to a solution buffered with bicarbonate buffer? |
|
Definition
| some of the added H+ will react with HCO3-, preventing a large decrease in pH. |
|
|
Term
| Blood cells are susbended in plasma, and thus, display the phenomena of a molecule in suspension. The force of gravity acting on blood held in a container will result in |
|
Definition
| settling of the suspended red blood cells to the bottom of the container |
|
|
Term
| A solution has a pH of 4. If a base is added |
|
Definition
| the solution's pH will increase |
|
|
Term
| the biggest factor in bone growth |
|
Definition
| growth factors called somatomedins that are produced in response to growth hormone |
|
|
Term
| the distal ends of the tibia and fibula have small projections that articulate with the talus of the foot to form the ankle joint. the name for this type of projection is a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sella turcica partially encloses the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the illium, ischium, and pubis are fused bones in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where in the body will you find phalanges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as a child matures, the sutures of the cranial bones become more and more |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which facial bone forms the posterior part of the hard palate and the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the gross structure of skeletal muscle, what are myofibrils? |
|
Definition
| parallel structures within each muscle fiber that constitute the actual contractile machinery |
|
|
Term
| which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between isotonic and isometric contractions? |
|
Definition
| in an isometric contraction, the muscle is not allowed to shorten |
|
|
Term
| a muscle that is specialized to help maintain posture is mostly composed of which type of fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does exercising muscles require oxygen? |
|
Definition
| because the energy for muscle contraction results from metabolic pathways that require oxygen |
|
|
Term
| crossbridge cycling continues as long as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effort is applied between the load and the fulcrum |
|
|
Term
| the upper limit to performance in sustained exercise is believed to be set by the maximum rate at which |
|
Definition
| the cardiovascular system can deliver O2 and glucose to exercising muscles |
|
|
Term
| where does a neuron receive inputs from other neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when a physician taps on a patients knee to test a reflex, which type of reflex is displayed? |
|
Definition
| monosynaptic stretch reflex |
|
|
Term
| the primary auditory area is located in which part of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point of close contact between axon terminals and target cells |
|
|
Term
| where in a neuron is the action potential normally initiated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the spinothalamic pathway, located in the spinal cord, is responsible for carrying what kind of information? |
|
Definition
| sensation information about coarse touch, temperature and pain sensations |
|
|
Term
| the adrenal medullae is found in the sympathetic division of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| autonomic pathways innervate the |
|
Definition
| somatic portion of the motor system |
|
|
Term
| the purpose of proprioceptors is to |
|
Definition
| monitor the internal state of the body |
|
|
Term
| in which eye structure are photoreceptors found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the malleus is found in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where in the vestibular system will you find perilymph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the primary difference between taste and olfactory receptors? |
|
Definition
| taste receptors are only sensitive to a single odor or modality |
|
|
