Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1)skelemotor
2)oculomotor
3)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
4)lateral orbitofrontal ctx
5)anterior cingulate/medial orbitofrontal ctx
6)inferior temporal ctx |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| parallel processing hypothesis |
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Definition
| multiple segregated loops, no integration |
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Term
| information funneling hypothesis |
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Definition
absolute convergence,
-cortical neurons>striatal neurons
-areas of ctx far apart project to adjacent areas of striatum
-striatal cells synapse across a broad area of GP and SN. |
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Term
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Definition
high Ach/sensorimotor, non patches
low Ach/limbic areas, on patches |
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Term
| Parkinson's Disease etiology |
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Definition
adult onset, genetic without 100% penetrance
-One hypothesis is that it results from a genetic susceptibility to an environmental factor
-loss of DA input to striatum from SNpc
-loss must involve over 90% of cells before symptoms appear |
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Term
| Parkinson's Clinical Systems: MOTOR |
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Definition
tremor
coghweel rigidity
shuffling steps
akinesia
bradykinesia
dystonia |
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Term
| Parkinson's Clinical Systems: NONMOTOR |
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Definition
-cognitive slowing
-difficulty with tasks requiring high level processing
-depression |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty maintaining or beginning a body motion |
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Term
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Definition
| slowness of movement, paucity or incompleteness of mov't |
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Term
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Definition
| sustained involuntary muscle contractions and spasms |
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Term
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Definition
<-L-DOPA
-transplantation of fetal tissue
-pallidotomy
-deep brain stimulation (DPS) |
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Term
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Definition
taken up by DA terminals in striatum: converted to DA and then released.
-not effective for long term treatment
-patients develop tolerance
-has many side effects |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in postevoventral GPi are surgically ablated either unilaterally or bilaterally |
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Term
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Definition
| surgical treatment involving implantation of brain pacemaker, which sends electrical impulses to brain. stimulates GPe |
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Term
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Definition
| motor learning/coordination and cognition |
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Term
| motor learning/coordination of cerebellum |
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Definition
-combines and coordinates rapid, skilled mov'ts
-controls and corrects compound, complex mov'ts through feedback and timing
-gains control through trial and error
-with time and practice control passes from effortful to effortless |
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Term
| cognitive functions of cerebellum |
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Definition
-learning
-cognitive processing of words
-anticipations/planning
-making time-based judgments
-PET and fMRI activation
--imagined or passively observed mov't
--verb generation task
--decreased activation when task is well-practiced
--connections to PFC |
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Term
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Definition
-initial state of rigor
-rigor subsides
-inaccurate and exagerated mov't (dysmetria)
-incoordination (ataxia)
-hypotonia
-intention tremors (starts/stops problem) during voluntary mov'ts |
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Term
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Definition
| output 0.8 M, source: deep nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| input 20 M, mossy fibers, source: CTX (pontine nucleus) [PONS] |
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Term
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Definition
| input 0.5M, climbing fibers, source: spinal cord and brainstem nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| less learning = more mass removed |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced response with same stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| increased response to habituated stimulus when presented with aversive stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| enhancement of synaptic strength as a result of repetitive activity. can be induced by a single high F stimulus and last for days |
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Term
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Definition
| synaptic weakening, low F stimulation over a longer period. Can counteract LTP and vice versa |
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Term
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Definition
| only those synapses that are activated during stimulation are enhanced in LTP |
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Term
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Definition
| if one pathway is weakly activated, while another is strongly activated, both show LTP. seen in hebbian learning |
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Term
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Definition
| synaptic efficacy similar to LTP but follows a normal learning experience |
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Term
| dendritic spines can change due to LTP in these ways: |
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Definition
-increase in size
-perforated synapses
-spines completely splitting
-new spines forming |
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Term
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Definition
| within a few minutes/hours after encoding, changes in gene expression, protein synthesis, and synaptic plasticity |
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Term
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Definition
| takes days, months, or years. reorganization of brain regions that support the memory. when a new brain region is needed for the memory-declarative and non declarative |
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Term
| standard consolidation theory of dec. mem consolidation |
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Definition
| hippo-C rapidly encodes an integrated representation of event/concept, slowly transferred to CTX and becomes independent of hippo-C |
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Term
| multiple trace theory of dec. mem. consolidation |
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Definition
| episodic memories are always dependent on Hippo-C. Temporal gradient is dependent not on transfer to CTX but on # of traces stored in Hippo-C. Thus, partial damage of Hippo-C would yield temporally graded amnesia |
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Term
| Interleaved learning theory of dec. mem. consolidation |
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Definition
| particular item isn't learned all at once but through a series of presentations intermixed with exposure to other examples of same domain. |
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Term
| declarative memory functions are strongly associated with : |
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Definition
| Medial Temporal Lobes, and Frontal and Parietal Lobes |
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Term
| within Medial Temporal Lobe, key structure is Hippocampus. It encodes: |
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Definition
| spatial, relational, and episodic memory |
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Term
| ____________influence both memory and context |
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Definition
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Term
| episodic retrieval is done in: |
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Definition
| anterior prefrontal regions |
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Term
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Definition
| left dorsolateral prefrontal regions |
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Term
| familiarity/monitoring happens in |
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Definition
| right dorsolateral prefrontal regions |
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Term
| semantic retrieval happens in |
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Definition
| language areas in (L) inferior frontal gyrus |
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Term
| episodic retrieval happens in: |
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Definition
posterior lateral parietal and posterior midline
(deactivated during episodic encoding) |
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Term
| encoding requires ______consolidation |
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Definition
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Term
| storage requires _______consolidation |
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Definition
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Term
| molecular layer of cerebellum |
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Definition
| mostly Purkinje cell dendrites and afferents |
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Term
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Definition
| purkinje cells and special computational features |
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Term
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Definition
| receives mossy fiber input, billions of neurons, cerebellar glomeruli, axons ascend into molecular layer where they form PF's |
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Term
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Definition
sends state info about periphery and other brain centers
MF->granule celle -> purkinje cell pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| arise from Inferior Olive, contacts only one Purkinje cell. |
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Term
| 3 cerebellum subdivisions |
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Definition
| vernal (medial) zone, intermediate zone, lateral zone |
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