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| A variety of higher mental processes such as thinking, perceiving, imagining, speaking, acting, and planning |
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| aims to explain cognitive processes in terms of brain based mechanisms |
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| the problem of how a physical substance can give rise to our feelings, thoughts, and emotions |
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| the belief that mind and brain are made up of different substances |
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| the belief that mind and brain are two levels of description for the same thing |
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| the failed idea that individual differences in cognition can be mapped on to differences in skulls hape |
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| functional specialization |
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| different regions of the brain are specialized for different functions |
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| cognitive neuropsychology |
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| the study of brain-damaged patients to inform theories ofn normal cognition |
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| an approach in which behavior is described in terms of a sequence of cognitive stages |
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| later stages of processing can begin before earlier stages are complete |
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| the influence of later stages on the porcessing of earlier ones |
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| different information is processed at the same time |
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| computational models in which information processing occurs using many interconnected nodes |
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| the basic units of neural network models that are activated in response to activity in other parts of the network |
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| the accuracy with which one can measure when an event occurs |
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| the accuracy with which one can measure where an event is occuring |
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| the notion that certain cognitive processes are restricted in the type of information they process |
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| the idea that a cognitive process is dedicated solely to one particular type of information |
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| a type of cell that makes up the nervous system and supports amongst other things, cognitive function |
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| part of the neuron containing the nucleus and other organelles |
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| branching structures that carry information from other neurons |
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| a branching structure that carries information to toehr neurons and transmits an action peotential |
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| the small gap between neurons in which neurotransmitters are released, permitting signaling between neurons |
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| a sudden change in the electrical properties of the neuron membrane in an axon |
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| chemical signals that are relased by one neuron and affect the properties of other neurons |
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| a fatty substance that is deposited around the axon of some cells that speeds conduction |
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| matter consisting primarily of nueronal cell bodies |
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| tissue consisting primarily of axons and support cells |
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| support cells of the nervous system involved in tissue repair and in the formation of myelin |
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| a large white matter tract that ocnnects the two hemispheres |
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| hollow chambers of the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid |
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| regions of the cortex defined by the relative distribution of cell types across cortical layers |
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| regions of sub-cortical grey matter involved in aspects of moor control and skill learning (caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus) |
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involved in regulating the organism to its present and past environment
amygdala: fear; hippocampus: memory/learning; cingulate: memory; mamilary: memory |
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| relay centre-- a processing station between all sensory organs and the cortex |
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| a variety of nuclei that are specialized for different functions that are primarily concerned with the body and its regulation |
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| mid-brain nucleus that forms part of the sub-cortical visual pathway... orienting to light changes |
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| a mid-brain nucleus that forms part of a sub-cortical auditory pathway; infovlevd in orienting to sound |
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| structure attached to hindbrain; dexterity and smooth movemens |
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| connects cerebellum and cerebrum |
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| vital function such as breathing, swallowing, heart rate, and the wake-sleep cycle |
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| properties of the world that are manifested in cognitive systems and neural systems |
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| measure the responsiveness of a neuron to a given stimulus |
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| the time taken between the onset of a stimulus and the production of a behavioral response |
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| the electrical activity of many individually recorded neurons |
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| a hypothetical neuron that just responds to one particular stimulus |
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| the informational content of neuron may be related to the number of action potentials per second |
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| the syncrony of firing may be used by a population of nuerons to code the same stimulus or even |
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| the study of the time course of information processing in the human nervous system |
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| a general method for dividing reaction times into different stages devised by sternberg |
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| reaction times are faster to a stimulus if that stmuli is preceded by a stimulus or similar meaning |
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| the difficulty of locating the sources of electrical activity from measurements taken at the scalp |
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| an attempt to solve the inverse problem in erp research that involves assuming how many dipoles (regions of electrical activity) contribute to the signal recorded at the scalp |
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| measures of the spatial configuration of different types of tissues in the brain |
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| measures temporary changes in brain physiology associated with cognitive processing the most common methods of pet and fmri are based on haemodynamic measures |
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| a technique for segregating white and grey matter |
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| blood oxygen level dependent contrast: the signal measured in fmri that relates to the concentration of deoxyhaemoglobin in the blood |
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| haemoynamic response function |
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| changes in the BOLD status over time |
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| a type of experimental design in function imaingin in which activity in a control task is subtracted from activity in an experimental task |
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| the assumption that adding a different ocmponent t a task does not change the operation of other components |
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| the effect on one ting to another |
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| the way in which different regions communictate with each other |
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| stimuli from a given condition are presented consecutively together |
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| stimuli from two or more conditions are presented randomly or interleaved |
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| event related functional magnetic resonance imaging |
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| stereotactic normalization |
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| the mapping of individual differences in brain anatomy onto a standart template |
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| redistributing brain activity from neighbouring voxels to enhance the signal to nose ratio |
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| a volume based unit, in imaging research the brain is divided into many thousands of these |
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| locations in the brain defined relative to the atlas of talairach and tournoux |
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| a reduction/suppression of the activity of a brain region, triggered by activity in another region |
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| an increase in activity of a brain region, triggered by activity in another region |
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| an increase in physiological processing in one condition relative to some others |
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| a decrease in physiological processing in one condition relative to some other conditions |
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| a progressive loss of information from semantic memory |
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| knowledge of concepts in the world |
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| the performance of different patiens are combined to yield a group average |
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| the data from different patients are not combined |
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| transcranial magnetic stimulation |
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| non-invasive stimulation of the brain cause dby a rapidly changing electrical current in a coil held over the scap |
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| a surgical procedure in which fibres of the corpus callosum are severed |
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| a stiuation in w hich a patient is imparied on a particular task but relatively spared on another task |
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| if two tasks share the same neural/ocgnitive resource but one task uses it more, then damage to this resource will affect one task more than the other |
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| one task is performed worse than antoehr because the task is performed sub-optimally |
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| two single dissocations that have a completementary profile of abilities |
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| lesions affect one or more ocmponents within the pre-existing cognitive systems but do not result in a completely new cognitive system being created |
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| a swelling of the brain following injury |
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| a discrete brain lesion can disrupt the functioning of distant brain regions that are structurally intact |
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| if there is a decrement in performance associaeted with doing two things at once then it suggests that these two tasks share cognitive processes |
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