Term
| Describe a pop-out test to determine if synesthesia for number-color synesthesia is true or false. |
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Definition
| A pop-out or segregation test is used where many of look-alike numbers (such as 2's and 5's) are jumbled together, but with a pattern among one of the numbers. For example in the text they use a triangle of 2's amongst the 5's (all the numbers are the same color) and the synesthesics are excellent at picking out the pattern, or triangle in this example because they see them in a different color. |
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Term
| What happens when the angular gyrus, a part of the temporal, parietal and occipital junction (TPO) is damaged by a stroke. |
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Definition
| The patient can still identify numbers, but they cannot subtract or divide. (Multiplication is usually still ok.) |
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Term
| What is the difference between cross-wiring and cross-activation. |
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Definition
Cross wiring is when actual connections are made incorrectly in the brain. Cross-Activation is when the number of connections are fine, but the balance of chemicals traveling between regions is skewed. |
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Term
| Describe the perceptual effect of "crowding". |
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Definition
| When you cannot usually discern a number when starting at a hatch mark a small distance away from said number surrounded by other numbers; however, people with synethesia an discern it because it is a different color. |
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Term
| What evidence is there for the claim that for some of the synethetes tested, their color-number synesthesia is likely to be due to cross-activation within the fusiform gyrus itself, rather than at the higher levels of number concept? |
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Definition
| When shown a Roman Numeral in the crowding experiment synesthetics saw no color. |
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Term
| The authors speculate that higher level synesthesia has its routes in cross-activation problems between _______ and the angular gyrus (or TPO) (as opposed to the fusiform and V4) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 most common types of synethesia? |
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Definition
numbers & colors
tones & colors |
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Term
| The main characteristic of mirror neurons is that they discharge both when a monkey performs an action and when the monkey.... |
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Definition
| sees someone else perform the same action |
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Term
| Because these neurons are found in important areas of the brain including pre-motor cortex, the authors couldn't adopt one common strategy for establishing the function of the neurons. What strategy was this? |
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Definition
?????
Couldn't eliminate lesions, not good enough to grasp information.
I SAID: assessed neurons' responses when the monkeys could comprehend the meaning of an action without really seeing it |
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Term
| Instead, they approached the problem in a series of two experiments that were aimed at determining if mirror neurons would respond based on ______ alone. |
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Definition
| understanding the action through sounds or sufficient non-visual clues |
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Term
| To determine if something like mirror neurons might exist in the human brain, the researchers turned to techniques that allowed them to observe neuronal activity in the human brain, including EEGs and ______. One region of the human brain that responded in their experiments was the _______, which is known to respond to moving body parts. |
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Definition
fMRIs
Superior Temporal Sulcus (STS) |
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Term
| Which brain structure was active in the observers when they saw someone experience disgust as a result of inhaling a foul odor? Were the emotional responses in the observer and the participant similar? |
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Definition
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Term
| Briefly describe the "pain context" experiment done by Singer and colleagues at the University of London. What was the conclusion? |
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Definition
| ????? Electrodes put on hands, told that they were going to shock the other person and that it would be painful. Humans may comprehend emotions through direct mapping involving parts of the brain that generally are associated with visceral motor responses. |
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Term
| Which area of the brain became active as the participant observed and imitated the expert guitarist? |
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Definition
| parietofrontal mirror neuron systems |
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Term
| What are the chief signs of autism? |
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Definition
| Social isolation, lack of eye contact, poor language capacity, absence of empathy |
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Term
| Name one of the less well-known signs of autism. |
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Definition
| Difficulty miming other's actions |
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Term
| Anatomists have shown characteristic anomalies in the __________, a brain structure when it comes to autism. |
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Definition
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Term
| What major deficit is posited as the basis of autism in the "theory of many minds" account of the disorder? |
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Definition
| Inability to put together detailed hypotheses about the inner workings of someone else's mind |
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Term
| A more concrete embodiment of the theory of other minds is that autism is characterized by the breakdown of the ________________ system. |
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Definition
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Term
| To test this, Ramachandran made use of the well-established finding that ____ waves in EEG are blocked when a person makes a voluntary motor muscle movement. |
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Definition
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Term
| State the primary finding for autistic children when the children produced a voluntary muscle movement and when they observed another person performing the voluntary muscle movement. |
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Definition
| MU wave suppressed when they performed, not when they watched |
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Term
| According to Ramachandran, autistics often have difficulty grasping ___________ such as the kiki/bouba demonstration. |
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Definition
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Term
| Non-autistic people with damage to the ____________, a brain region at the cross-roads of hearing, vision, and touch centers, have difficulty grasping the kiki/bouba demonstration. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name one technique Ramachandran suggests might provide helpful therapy for autistics. |
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Definition
| Correcting chemical imbalances that disable mirror neurons. |
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Term
| Where is Broca's area located? According to these authors, why is that a sensible place for it? |
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Definition
| Next to the motor cortex that controls lips and mouth, because it involves problems in speech production. |
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Term
| Where is Wernicke's area located? According to these author's why does this make sense for it to be there? |
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Definition
| By the auditory cortex, which receives signals from the ears. Makes sense because it involves problems in speech comprehension |
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Term
| Why do these authors hypothesize that sign language might be lateralized in the right hemisphere? |
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Definition
| Because signs are visio-spatial signals, which is what the right brain is known for. |
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Term
| Do deaf signers with brain damage show dissociation deficits of language production (like Broca's aphasia) and language understanding (like Wernicke's aphasia)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Damage to the (right/left) hemisphere in signers underlies most acquired impairments in sign language use. |
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Definition
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Term
| What aspect of language is most sharply restricted to the left hemisphere? |
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Definition
| the production of language |
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Term
| An alternative way to look at language lateralization in deaf and hearing people is that language at the "local" level (word deciphering, etc.) is lateralized to the (left/right) whereas the more global aspects of putting together discourse is lateralized by the (left/right) |
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Definition
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Term
| What do these authors conclude about the relationship between the sign language abilities of life-long signers and their non-linguistic spatial skills? |
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Definition
| sign language is more closely related to spoken language than non-linguistic spatial skills |
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Term
| An area of the basal ganglia called the ________ hosts a population of well-connected cells with "long arms and between 10,000 and 30,000 spines that collect info from cells in other locals." |
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Definition
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Term
| The interval time theory proposed my Meck posits that spiny neurons learn the unique time stamps using a set of cells firing at different rates. According to Meck, in response to an event, all of these cells fire simultaneously causing a sharp "attentional spike", and then (resume/alter) their regular firing rates. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Meck, dopamine plays an important role in framing a time interval. Drugs that increase the availability of dopamine (slow down/speed up) the interval time. |
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Definition
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Term
| The interval timer is a highly precise mechanism for timing short intervals. (True/False). |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ Is the brain locus of the circadian clock. |
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Definition
| Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
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Term
| The _____________ has long been thought (from animal studies) to control the daily fluctuations in blood pressure, body temperature, activity level and alertness. |
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Definition
| Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) |
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Term
| The recently discovered "clock genes" exist in (the hypothalamus/all cells) in the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| The mismatch between day length and daily life is probably responsible for the syndrome called _____________. |
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Definition
| Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) |
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Term
| The ________ clock keeps track of cell divisions and may be involved in the aging process. |
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Definition
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Term
| The division of cells causes a loss of a chunk of ______, which biologists suggest may be an important part of the aging process. |
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Definition
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