Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the connection between symbols & what they represent is arbitrary (exceptions: onomatopoeia). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we give names to things by inventing new words, and we also change meanings (i.e. monitor, cookie) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| with language we are not stuck in the present moment, we can communicate about the past and the future. |
|
|
Term
| productivity/generativity |
|
Definition
we invent sentences as we speak them, we
dont just replay them like a tape recorder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smallest meaningful unit of language (e.g., a word, or even a prefix or suffix like ing.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sounds of a language. 1st-Speaker translates ideas into sounds. 2nd-listener translates sounds into meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basic sounds of a language, around 200, English has about 46 |
|
|
Term
| How are consonant sounds made |
|
Definition
| Consonants: disrupting air flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the phonemes coming both before and after a given phoneme influence how that one will actually sound |
|
|
Term
| how do we know variability of sounds? |
|
Definition
coarticulation
Role of top-down processing, context, role of visual cues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sounds of speech vary a great deal (e.g., the a sound in BAG is different from the a sound in NAG. |
|
|
Term
| , how do we accurately perceive the sounds that we are supposed to perceive? Know the studies that have demonstrated this. |
|
Definition
| White noise study, phoneme restoration effect |
|
|
Term
| phoneme restoration effect |
|
Definition
| Subjects fill in missing information (auditory) depending on the context |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hearing one sound while watching lips, hearing another sound when not watching--demonstrates that visual cues help us perceive phonemes |
|
|
Term
| a. Knowledge of syntax: Early left-to-right approaches |
|
Definition
| Judgments of grammaticality depend on how frequently the words had been paired together in the past |
|
|
Term
| a. Knowledge of syntax Phrase-structure approaches |
|
Definition
| legal approach; structure tree of noun, verb, etc |
|
|
Term
| Why are left-to-right approaches inadequate? |
|
Definition
| Just because the sentence seems grammatical doesnt mean it makes sense. |
|
|
Term
| Where do Phrase-structure approaches fall short? |
|
Definition
| Just because a sentence maps onto an acceptable phrase structure, its not necessarily accurate |
|
|
Term
| Distinction between Deep structure and Surface structure. |
|
Definition
| Surface structure is the superficial structure/appearance. Deep structure is an underlying form that contains much of the information necessary to the meaning (more abstract) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficulty producing speech, but can still comprehend speech; crucial for syntactic processing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no problem producing, but cannot produce structure; crucial for meaning underlying the structure |
|
|
Term
| aphasias & syntax vs. meaningdouble dissociation |
|
Definition
| when opposite patterns of dissociation occur, like when a person with hippocampus damage shows intact implicit but disrupted explicit memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An approach to understanding how we decide what relationships the words in a sentence have with one another. According to it, we assign roles to words based on how the words are used. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
We represent the meaning underlying sentences in terms of their basic idea units (or propositions).
A proposition can be represented as a node with links connected to nodes representing content words; the links themselves represent the semantic roles being played by the content words.
A sentence with several propositions can be represented as a set of these propositional node structures linked together according to how they interrelate in the sentence. |
|
|
Term
| Support for Propositional Approach? |
|
Definition
| People tend to abstract the gist from the sentences given |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When we make decisions based on how easily we can access something from memory (frequency of exposure, confirmation bias, familiarity bias, salience/vividness) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When we make decisions based on how representative of real-life situations something seems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. We judge the likelihood of a particular situation based on how easily we can imagine the situation happening that way (hindsight bias) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People start with an initial value that serves as an anchor and make adjustments to it to reach their estimate |
|
|
Term
| Decisions about differencessymbolic distance |
|
Definition
| the greater the distance between two things, the easier it is to decide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a persons decision is faster when the dimension being judged matches the implied semantic dimension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transcription and analysis of Ss verbalizations as they solve a problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| being stuck in one mindset/approach to solving a problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tendency to use objects/concepts in only their usual and customary way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| John Watson; stimulus -> response, objective measures, replication, experimental control; B.F.Skinner; no need for theorizing about the mind, could not be objectively observed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3 factors: WWII, Computers, verbal Learning Research. |
|
|
Term
| The Information Processing Approach |
|
Definition
| Computer led to insight, information processing |
|
|
Term
| objective mental processes |
|
Definition
| 1. Accuracy Measures (e.g., Recall Performance) 2. Reaction Time Measures 3. Eye-tracking Measures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Right side of brain controls left side of body, vice versa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 hemispheres are functionally asymmetric; left side language; right side spatial/face processing |
|
|
Term
| neuropsychological methods used to relate brain activity with mental events |
|
Definition
1. Physical techniques (Lesions, TMS, Cellular Recording)
2. Behavioral techniques (Dual Task methods)
3. Neuroimaging techniques (PET & fMRI, ERP |
|
|
Term
| what type of representation do opponents of the visual imagery view argue for |
|
Definition
| Propositional Representation |
|
|
Term
| What is template-matching? |
|
Definition
| Matching a letter to a pre-known template in our mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breaking an image into component features and recognizing based on which combinations are present |
|
|
Term
| What is selective attention? |
|
Definition
| Being able to focus selectively on something and filter out other stimuli |
|
|
Term
| How is has selective attention been studied in the laboratory? |
|
Definition
| Dichotic listening technique, cocktail party phenomenon |
|
|
Term
| What is the metaphor for thinking about selective attention in the auditory modality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the metaphor for thinking about selective attention in the visual modality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ø When you can look without seeing; we only see things we are paying attention to |
|
|
Term
| How do the view of attention as a limited capacity resource, the dual-task method, and the distinction between automatic and controlled processing interrelate? |
|
Definition
| If you have divided attention, you are doing automatic tasks; with limited capacity, can only attend to so many stimuli at once, using the dual-task method, therefore divided attention/automatic processing |
|
|
Term
| What is the Stroop effect and how does it relate to the distinction between automatic and controlled processing? |
|
Definition
| When you suppress an automatic response for another desired response; reading and recognizing stimuli tends to lead to automatic responses, but you have to suppress those to respond with controlled responses |
|
|
Term
| What is sensory memory & how is it shown |
|
Definition
| Ø Sperling: partial vs. whole report of letters flashed |
|
|
Term
| how would one sutdy immediate memory? |
|
Definition
| Digit-span tasks, immediate recall tasks. |
|
|
Term
| ? How does Baddeleys working memory model describe short-term, working memory? 4 |
|
Definition
| Phonological Loop Holes, Central Executive--holds Visuospatial Sketchpad and Episodic Buffer |
|
|
Term
| How has the dual-task method been used to obtain support for short term model |
|
Definition
| 2 Visual or 2 Verbal tests are more interfering than one of each |
|
|
Term
| Proactive: distortions of memory |
|
Definition
| semantic integration, normalization, false memory, gist memory |
|
|
Term
| Retroactive: distortions of memory |
|
Definition
| leading questions, misinformation effect, imagination inflation |
|
|
