Term
| Hubel and Wiesel's single cell recordings |
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Definition
| Identified that cells have receptive fields with excitory fields surrounded by inhibitory fields |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in ____ dont make a difference |
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Term
| _____ tuned or _____ specific |
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Definition
| changes in _____ do make a difference |
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Term
| Point of View based module (perception) |
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Definition
S1-simple cells; orientation and location specific
C1 - complex cells; 0rientation and near - location specific
S2 - near location specific
C2 - location invarient
Simpler cells use view tuned units where more complex cells use object tuned units |
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Term
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Definition
| learned appearance of objects from specific point of view |
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Term
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Definition
| learned appearance of objects invarient to point of view |
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Term
| Feature Network Model (word recognition) |
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Definition
| higher frequency words are recognized more frequently because of baseline activation (large baseline activation) meaning less to activate to reach threshold |
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Term
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Definition
Well-Formed pronounceable non words are recognized faster than other non words
Violates Feature network model unless it uses bigrams |
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Term
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Definition
letters are recognized faster and more accurately inside words than alone
Violates feature model w/bigrams |
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Term
| Interactive Activation Model (Decedent of feature net) |
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Definition
Each feature sends an excitory/inhibitory electron to things that have/do not have those features with competition for who gets to respond Low level detectors can affect High level detectors as well as vice versa
accounts for Word superiority Effect b/c D A and R will activate K |
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Term
| IAM predictions with regards to bigrams |
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Definition
high bigrams frequency will excite many words which will inhibit more while low bigram frequency will have few words excited but less inhibition
People are more accurate at recognizing words with low frequency bigrams |
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Term
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Definition
| attaching meaning to a perceptual pattern |
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Term
| Pattern Recognition Study (Anee Treisman) |
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Definition
| preattentive (early) recognition stage is unconscious, automatic, parallel and "parts" where as attentive (late) recognition stage is conscious, effortful serial, and "wholes" |
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Term
| Unilateral Hemispatial Neglect Study (Behrmann and Tipper |
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Definition
| Patient neglects the left side of their visual space. Sensory system is not damaged but their is a deficit in their attentional system. Neglect follows object (connected circles study) |
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Term
| Depth of Processing studies (Craik and Tulving) (Morris, Bransford and Franks) |
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Definition
| deep/semantic processing will improve memory as opposed to other types of processing - however if retrieval task is presented in a context that matches a type of processing - that processing will be optimal for retrieval |
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Term
| Elaborate Encoding (Craik and Tulving) |
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Definition
| relates the encoding info to other info in your memory |
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Term
| Factors that help Elaborate Encoding |
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Definition
complexity of sentence
distinctiveness (Klein and Saltz study with words rated on 1 or 2 dimensions) |
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Term
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Definition
| retrieve memories by generating associations from cues |
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Term
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Definition
| give Ss a word and it helps them recall words on a list |
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Term
| Tulving and Thompson's study of encoding specifity |
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Definition
Had Ss read lists of word pairs; 1/2 strong/ 1/2 weak associations
strong cues worked better but cues in general worked better than replacing the cue
Suggests 2 types of memory:episodic+semantic |
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Term
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Definition
| Effects of Prior exposure to a stimulus on a subsequent processing of a later stimulas |
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Term
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Definition
| Priming effect of a stimulus on a later presentation of itself |
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Term
| Effects of Similarity of distractors in Priming (Ratliff + McCoon) |
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Definition
| In a choice between the target and a similar distractor, priming will have an effect (both ways) In a choice between the target and a dissimilar distractor, priming will not have an effect |
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Term
| Ratcliff and McCoon's Counter Model |
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Definition
Each word in your vocabulary is represented by a counter
When you see a word these counters compete for features that are present in the counter's word |
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Term
| Problems with Ratcliff and McCoon's Counter Model |
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Definition
Priming can last for days
Amnesics show priming in stem completion for non words for which they have no episodic or semantic memory of
counter model may be only for visual PPS which would support MMS
Very narrow |
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Term
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Definition
Ss use memories of past experiences as basis in responding - explicit memories
Free Recall
Cued Recall
Recognition |
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Term
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Definition
Ss are not asked to use their memories
word fragment completion - implicit
stem completion
perceptual ID (hard to detect stimuli)
Category production |
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Term
| Variables that affect explicit recall |
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Definition
depth of processing
elaborative rehearsal
delay between study + test
proactive interference |
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Term
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Definition
| words on a previous list that affect the recall of the current list |
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Term
| Variables that affect implicit memory |
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Definition
Changes in perceptual features between Study + Test like
case changes
modality changes
language changes
mode changes |
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Term
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Definition
depth of processing with study increases explicit but has no effect on implicit whereas case changes will affect implicit but not explicit
-may arise because of TAP |
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Term
| Transfer Appropriate Processing (TAP) |
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Definition
| Performance is best when the processes at test are similar to those at study |
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Term
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Definition
processes involved with different tasks have not been clearly specified so ther account is vague
Arguably circular
amnestics have impaired explicit memory which according to TAP says they have an impairment in conceptual processesing but still can be primed on indirect conceptually driven tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| Double dissociation implies many LTM memory systems Procedual Semantic Episodic Perceptual-Representation Systems |
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Term
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Definition
| implicit tasks are affected by changes to the perceptual features of the words - not 2 separate systems, two separate processes |
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Term
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Definition
| amnesiacs can have episodic memory impairment but still respond to priming |
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Term
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Definition
Add new systems Post hoc to account for new phenomena
Neuroscience evidence is circular
Studying prime should prime word not dependent on (dis)similar distractors |
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Term
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Definition
prototyped knowledge structures (slots for default values)
help us get the correct answers and remember things most of the time but can cause errors |
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Term
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Definition
| Something that is inconsistent with the reality of the past that is remembered because preexsisting schemas are used to guide recall |
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Term
| Tessler's study on Childhood amnesia |
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Definition
Tape recording mother daughter convos
Discovered that learning how to create schemas (co-creation w/mom) was essential to memory formation |
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Term
| Clancy Study of women who recovered memories of Child Sexual Abuse |
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Definition
| Ss with Recovered memories have higher susceptibility to false memories then those with potentially repressed repressed and continuous memories of CSA which have more susceptibility to false memories than the control group |
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Term
| Lashley's search for engram |
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Definition
| looking for "grandmother cell" |
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Term
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Definition
| All parts of the brain share in storing memories |
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Term
| Representation in connectionism |
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Definition
knowledge is represented in connection strength
learning involves the connection of new nodes and connections between nodes
concepts are stored as patterns of connection strengths (distributed representation |
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Term
| Connectionist achitexcture is good at modeling... |
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Definition
| good for modeling: overlap among stimuli, pattern completion/recognition, gradual learning, graceful degradation, learning, priming, categorization |
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Term
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Definition
Early network model with only two layers
Disproved by Minsky and Papert (can't do XOR) |
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Term
| Neural Networks (Grossberg) |
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Definition
| 3 layer networks to model networks of neurons |
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Term
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Definition
Organization of behavior (Hubb) learning occurs by strengthening connections among neurons
Backward Propogation of Error - Input becomes output and output is compared against answer and connections are adjusted |
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Term
| Perceived World Structure Study (Rosch) |
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Definition
| 2 Dimensions Level of abstraction Differentation of Categories |
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Term
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Definition
| most inclusive level at which there are many attributes common to most or all members of the category |
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Term
| Evidence of Basic level in cognition |
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Definition
| imagery (you can form a visual image of basic level but not more general), perception (first at basic level), development (basic level concepts learned first), language (basic level have simpler signs) |
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Term
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Definition
| some members of a category are perceived as better members of the category are perceived as being better members of a category than others (judgments of category membership can be carried out faster for prototypical members) |
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Term
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Definition
defined by necessary and sufficient conditions
Does not explain prototypicality |
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Term
| Prototype model:Feature Nets |
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Definition
category membership is defined by some criterion number of weighted features in common
Doesn't capture relationships between features |
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Term
| Prototype model:Dimensional |
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Definition
| Category membership is defined by a distance criterion on a number of dimensions |
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Term
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Definition
| Category membership is defined by similarity to other specific members of the category explains prototypicality, preserving info about variability and correlated features but violates cognitive economy |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by emotional processing to be disturbed leading to intellectual procssesing w/o familiarity response |
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Term
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Definition
| photo receptors simulate biploar cells which in turn excite gangliaon cells which form together to make the optic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that receive light inhibit the activity of other nearby cells |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the fact that either a signal is sent down the axon or it is not - it can fire more rapidly if a stronger signal |
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Term
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Definition
| Light presented to the center of the receptive field has one influence while to to the periphery another (ex: excitory influence for the center and inhibitory influence for periphery) |
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Term
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Definition
| fire at their max when a stimulus containing an edge of just the right orientation appears within their receptive fields |
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Term
| The four Parallel processes in Visual Recognition |
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Definition
| P cells - smaller more detailed receptive fields M Cells - detection of motion/depth "What system" - identification (occipital to temporal) "Where system" - location (parietal) |
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Term
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Definition
| How do the pieces of information get put back together - neural synchrony (neurons firing together and at the same speed (gamma based oscillation) has attributes attributed to same object |
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Term
| conjunction errors (Visual Processing) |
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Definition
| correctly detecting features present but making mistakes on how they are conjoined when overloaded (attention is crucial to neural synchrony) |
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Term
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Definition
| Process which you manage to see what the basic shape and size |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which you identify the object |
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Term
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Definition
| We pay attention to entire shape/organization Parses - which parts are percieved as going together Organization is logical - it avoids elaboration or coincidence |
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Term
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Definition
| Network of detectors organized in layers with each subsequent layer concerned with more complex objects |
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Term
| Recognition by Components (RBC) Model (Hummel and Biederman) (Decedent of feature net) |
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Definition
| recognition happens because of geons which are intermediate level of detectors that serve as the basic building blocks of all objects we recognize Viewpoint independent |
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Term
| Recognition via Multiple Views (Tarr) (Decedent of feature net) |
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Definition
| People have stored many views of what an object looks like from some angle but often mental rotation required because view point dependent |
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Term
| Can most of the principles of visual recognition be recognized in the same way? |
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Definition
| Many of the principles can be generalized in other areas - there are some differences |
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Term
| different recognition for faces |
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Definition
| strong dependence on orientation - system specializes for configurations |
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Term
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Definition
| concept driven priming uses a broad pattern of knowledge and expectations |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| processes through which you somehow select an input and tune out the rest |
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Term
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Definition
| when you do multiple tasks at once |
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Term
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Definition
| the speech you are (aren't) listening to |
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Term
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Definition
| you will stay tuned into AC unless UC has content like your own name or a name of a close friend |
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Term
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Definition
| participants in study that were not expecting to see shapes didn't see them (or saw them and then immediately forgot) when they had to focus their attention on another point |
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Term
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Definition
| attention not needed for unconscious perception |
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Term
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Definition
| observers remarkable inability to detect change in scenes |
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Term
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Definition
| high validity primes lead to bigger benefits and bigger cost if they are wrong |
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Term
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Definition
presentation of the prime
Expectation based |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to focus on a particular position in space. Its a limited capacity system which devotes more attention to one side you must divert attention from the other |
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Term
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Definition
| All Info is processed and we are only aware of that which holds our attention |
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Term
| Aspects of Divided attention |
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Definition
| greater interference among more similar tasks however there can be interference even in very different task because some mental resources are very gneralized |
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Term
| Working memory's role in attention |
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Definition
| several part system that has some executive power to avoid interference and direct cognitive processes. Tasks that have been practiced do not need the WM to avoid interference as much. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Problems with STM in Modal memory system |
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Definition
If short term memory is impaired there should be no way the memory can get to LTM but it has been shown it can
Also filling STM with digits does not prevent simultaneous cognitive tasks such as reading. |
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Term
| Advantages to WM over STM and Modal Model |
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Definition
| multicomponent: if some short term memory loss it could be caused by a failure of one component which would still allow LTM to form |
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Term
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Definition
| STM holds on to info you currently use and Long term contains all the information you remember |
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Term
| Study with primacy and Recentcy effect to prove WM and LT are different |
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Definition
| If you put other info in WM recentcy effect will fade but primacy effect will remain the same |
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Term
| 7 Plus or Minus 2 (Miller) |
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Definition
| Theory that the brain can only hold seven plus or minus two chunks of data at a time |
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Term
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Definition
| Central Executive, visuospatial buffer, rehearsal loop |
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Term
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Definition
| Very brief storage of info from sensory input |
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Term
| Saul Sternbergs number sequence study |
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Definition
| Found that saying if a number is in a sequence is a serial process |
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Term
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Definition
| maintenance - focus on items Elaborate Rehearsal focus on connections between items to be remembered (superior) |
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Term
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Definition
| certain memories of where you learn trigger better recall if you are in the same environment (smell effect most pronouced) |
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Term
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Definition
| Better remembering if the context is recreated |
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Term
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Definition
| remember seeing the image specifically |
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Term
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Definition
| dont remember seeing the item but have a strong feeling it is something |
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Term
| Jacoby study on Implicit memory |
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Definition
| lexical decision task, participants made decisions faster when they were primed |
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Term
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Definition
| String of letters, Ss have to decide if its a word or not |
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Term
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Definition
| feeling of familiarity from implicit memory leads us to assume things that aren't true (i.e familiar face=famous) |
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Term
| Connection Hypothesis of Memory Errors |
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Definition
| a bit of info encountered in one context can be transported to another context and be misremembered as part of the original experience |
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Term
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Definition
| When other knowledge intrudes on the remembered event |
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Term
| Deese-Roediger McDermott procedure (DRM) |
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Definition
| if Ss are shown test words that belong to a certain group they will remember words that belong in the group but weren't on the list |
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Term
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Definition
| Retention interval, interference (caused by source confusion, leading questions) |
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Term
| Key factors of autobiographical memory |
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Definition
| involvement emotion and delay length |
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Term
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Definition
| Info about yourself is more likely to be remembered |
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Term
| Evidence favoring the Network Notion for LTM |
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Definition
| hints activate nodes, context reinstatement, sentence verification is faster w/a connection, |
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Term
| Andersons model of propositions (ACT) |
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Definition
type nodes - embedded in propositions true for entire category
token nodes - founded in propositions concerned with specific events and individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| distributed representation - any particular idea is represented by a pattern of recognition across the network |
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Term
| Advantages of Connectionism |
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Definition
| memory searches often must satisfy multiple demands, biological plausibility, powerful means of storage |
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Term
| Disadvantages of connectionism |
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Definition
| biological realism?, some say connectionist models only work when programmers stack the data a certain way |
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Term
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Definition
| depends on individual tastes/views "Thing to eat on a diet" |
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Term
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Definition
| depends on individual tastes/views "Thing to eat on a diet" |
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Term
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Definition
| categories about things that people have no exemplars for |
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Term
| theories and category coherence |
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Definition
| easier to learn concepts that hang together |
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Term
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Definition
| Experts categories differ from novices |
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Term
| Phonological Similarity Effect |
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Definition
| memory span for similar sounding items is smaller than for dissimilar items |
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Term
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Definition
| during memory task presentation of unattended spoken material disrupts recall |
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Term
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Definition
| memory span is better for short words than long words b/c long words take longer to rehearse allowing more decay to occur between cycles |
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Term
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Definition
| Saying nonsense when trying to remember severely impairs memory (also removes Phonological Similariy Effect |
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Term
| Why do we have Phonological Loop? |
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Definition
No neccessary for complex processing, speaking, reading or comprehension but is
crucial for language learning |
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Term
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Definition
| holds images that decay in a few seconds |
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Term
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Definition
| directs attention, coordinates simultaneous processing in phonological and visiospatial systems, involved in planning |
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Term
| Random Letter Generation Study |
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Definition
| Come up with one new random letter every so many seconds - when it gets faster your central executive cannot suppress your automatic processes which are initiated by associations fast enough |
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Term
| Hierarchical Semantic Network |
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Definition
| Attributes are stored hierarchically |
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Term
| Advantages to Hierarchical Semantic Network Model |
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Definition
| Cognitive Economy - you don't have to store things twice |
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Term
| Problems with the Hierarchical Semantic Network Model |
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Definition
| Response time is only a function of the number of nodes and connections -structure is not strictly hierarchical but only implicitly hierarchical, hierarchical structure is not always found, within level of the hierarchy all connections are not equal |
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Term
| Spreading Activation (Collins and Loftus) |
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Definition
| Connection strength is increased through use with hierarchy implicit in connection strengths, activation spreads from node to node until brain inhibits unwanted associations |
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Term
| problems w/ Spreading Activation |
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Definition
| Anderson study w/ Lawyer, Hippie etc. Higher fan should be faster but strengths of primes are equal to the strength of the association (prob A given B is activated/P(A)) |
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Term
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Definition
| reflects an estimate of the probablility that the chunk will match to a production in the new cycle (activation = prior odds + current input = baseline + current input) |
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