Term
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Definition
STM seems to operate by means of an auditory code, even if the formation is produced by a nonauditory code such as a visual one.
A code is a rule governed by the conversion of units of information from one modality to another. |
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Term
| 5.2 Brown-Peterson Technique |
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Definition
| A procedure developed to study-term memory in which an item to be remembered is followed by a distractor task that lasts for variable time intervals before recall. The length of duration is varied to measure its effects of recall. |
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Term
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Definition
| Presides over the working memory model that regulates attentional processes and governs cognitive processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy of combining small pieces of information, in short term memory, to form a larger, meaningful unit of that aids retrieval from long term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Forgetting due to a lack of use or rehersal of previously available information |
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Term
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Definition
Viewing each person as consisting of two entitites: the mind and the body
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Term
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Definition
| The prevention of acquiring new information due to the previous acquizition of old information |
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Term
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Definition
aka LTM
A memory storage system characterized characterized by long duration, large capacity and accessibility. |
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Term
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Definition
| A task which typically requires tracing an object which can only be percieved by viewing the object in a mirror which shows the reverse image of the object |
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Term
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Definition
| A rehersal circuit in the working memory that holds inner speech for verbal comprehension model. |
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Term
5.11
primacy-recency effect |
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Definition
| The notion that units of information are best encoded into memory which are at the beginning or the end of a sequence of information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The immediate memory that never leaves consciousness and provides an accurate representation of events. |
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Term
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Definition
Permanent memory that is characterized by individual differences.
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Term
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Definition
| Memory that stores word meaning, concepts, and world knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
A hypothetical storage system characterized by a duration estimated at about 12 seconds, by capacity estimated at about 7+or - 2 items and by accurate recall.
(ie., 5 to 9 items) |
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Term
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Definition
The amount of information that can be stored to memory.
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest unit of information whcih can be stored to memory. |
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Term
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Definition
A method created by sternberg to examine how information retrieved from short term memory is transferred to long term memory.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
5.20
visualspatial scratchpad |
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Definition
| A brief loop that rehearses and processes images in the working memory model |
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Term
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Definition
| [image]The tendency to recall an item that is highlighted or otherwise distinctive, relative to other to-be-remembered items. |
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Term
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Definition
| A memory system that temporarily holds and manipulates as we perform cognitive tasks. Working memory is analogous to a work bench where new and old material is constantly being processed, transformed, and combined. |
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Term
6.1
Autobiographical Memories |
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Definition
| Memories consisting of an individual's past history of events or facts |
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Term
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Definition
| The rule governed conversion of units of information from one modality to another |
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Term
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Definition
| can account for complex learning, the type of memory operations we encounter in every day life. |
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Term
6.4
Declarative knowledge
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Definition
| Factual information known about objects, ideas and events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Knowledge about the world |
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Term
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Definition
| A trace, a collection of neural charges that represent memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory that concerns information about temporally dated episodes and events along with the relationships among such events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory recovery or recognition based on conscious search processes as one might use in answering a direct question. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of memory retrieval in which recall is enhanced by the presentation of a cue or prime, despite having no conscious awareness of the connection between the prime and to be-recalled item. |
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Term
6.10
levels of processing |
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Definition
| Stimuli percieved via sensory inputs can be encoded on a variety of dimensions, ranging from shallow to deep |
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Term
6.11
long term protentiation |
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Definition
| An increase in neural responsiveness after rapid repeated stimulation over an extended period of time. |
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Term
6.12
mnemonic encoding priniciple |
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Definition
| experts encode information in terms of a large existing knowledge base |
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Term
6.13
Procedural knowledge |
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Definition
| Knowledge that is implicit and sampled through actions or performance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relates to the knowledge of how to do things (procedures). It is largely unconscious and not easily verbalized. |
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Term
6.15
retrieval structure principle |
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Definition
| Experts use their knowledge of a subject to develop abstract, highly specialized mechanisms for systematically encoding and retrieving meaningful patterns from LTM |
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Term
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Definition
| A cognitive framework of meaningfully organized concepts |
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Term
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Definition
| A complex internal representation of self, revolving around the topics of I, me and mine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory that stores word meanings concepts and world knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| Practice increases the speed with which experts recognize and encode patterns. (the more you do these flash cards the faster you will do them .. this is the ________-__ ________ ) |
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Term
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Definition
| The subjective feeling that information is readily available , but in the absence of the ability to recall such information |
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Term
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Definition
| A word formed using the first letters in a phrase or group of words. Used as a mnemonic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A phrase, poem, or sentence in which the first letters of the words are associated with a to be remembered word or concept. Used as a mnemonic technique. |
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Term
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Definition
| memory deficits caused by problems in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The loss of memory after the onset of the memory disorder -- due to an inability to transfer information to long term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of confusing imagination with memory and similarly true memories with false memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| the incomplete storage of information in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| forgetting due to a lack of use or rehearsal of previously available information |
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Term
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Definition
| The vivid, often seemingly realistic experience of mental images |
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Term
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Definition
| An insufficient amount of attention is present resulting in information which is not fully encoded into memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| The prevention of acquiring new information due to the previous acquisition of old information |
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Term
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Definition
| a mnemonic technique used in second language learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| any technique that serves to facilitate storage and recall of information in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| A mnemonic technique that involves associating items to be remembered with physical locations and revisiting those sites during recall. |
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Term
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Definition
| Failing to retain stored information to memory often due to potentially aversive nature of such information |
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Term
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Definition
| A mnemonic strategy that involves learning a set of stimulus items that serve as pegs on which the items to be remembered are hung. |
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Term
7.16
proactive interference |
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Definition
| Interference created by memories from prior learning |
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Term
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Definition
| the removal of traumatic thoughts and experiences from memory |
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Term
7.18
retroactive interference |
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Definition
| Newly acquired information disrupts the retrieval of previously learned information |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to recall information acquired prior to the onset of a memory disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forgetting information due to inadequate retrieval of the information from long term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| The condition in which information from one sensory modality (such as auditory) is coded in another modality (such as visual) |
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Term
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Definition
| memory loss is is most severe for the events just prior to the injury and decrease incrementally the further back in time, thus leaving the oldest memories often intact. |
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Term
8.1
Adaptation and Learning |
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Definition
| The responsive adjustment of a sense organ to varying qualities or intensity of a stimulus. Changes over time in an organism that increases the long-term potential for reproductive success. |
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Term
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Definition
| The design and operational structure of a computing system; the physical location of the physiological structures that underpin consciousness; also part of the AWAREness model. |
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Term
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Definition
| The concentration of mental effort on select sensory or mental events,; also part of the AWAREness model. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cognitive processing that does not require conscious thought as a result of existing cognitive structures or highly practiced tasks. |
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Term
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Definition
| A general framework of consciousness, which includes attention, wakefulness, architecture, recall of knowledge, emotive novelty, emergence, subjectivity and selectivity. |
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Term
8.6
Confidence judgements |
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Definition
| retrospective, since they are taken after the retrieval of an item from memory |
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Term
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Definition
| An awareness of events or stimuli in the environment and of cognitive phenomena such as memories, thoughts, and bodily sensations |
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Term
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Definition
| function whereby the systems act to define an incoming stimulus context and knowledge in memory which serves to clarify understanding of the stiumulus |
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Term
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Definition
| along with executive function. which serves to bring necessary information and resources out of the unconscious to aid in making decisions and external control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances that suppress the nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the selection of appropriate strategies to learn the new information and which aspect of the information would be easiest to learn. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consciousness results from activity in the brain; also part of the AWAREness model. |
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Term
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Definition
| Affective components associated with consciousness; also part of the AWAREness model |
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Term
8.14
error detection and editing |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| can be either prospective or retrospective. measured as an indication of how well a participant thinks he or she will be able to recognize the correct answer to a question in a subsequent multiple choice task |
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Term
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Definition
| A diverse group of drugs that alter perceptions, thoughts, and feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
| In consciousness, the question of how unique phenomenological experience arise out of the activities of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of memory retrieval in which recall is enhanced by the presentation of a cure or prime, despite having no conscious awareness of the connection between the prime and to-be-recalled item. |
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Term
8.19
judgements of learning |
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Definition
| occur during and after acquisition state of memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique which produces focused, directed attention or awareness for a duration of time which often produces physical and mental relaxation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The more we are exposed to something, the more we are likely to like it |
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Term
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Definition
| higher order thinking involving active control over cognitive processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ongoing assessment of the progress of activities |
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Term
8.25
neural correlation of consciousness |
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Definition
| Biological mechanisms of the brain which are associated with a variety of aspects related to conscious experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| The propensity to seek out novel, creative and innovative items in the environment; also part of the AWARENess model. |
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Term
8.27
organization and flexibility |
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Definition
| The collective functioning of connected, interdependent parts -- |
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Term
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Definition
| access function whereby consciousness is necessary to access the vast amounts of information available in the unconscious. |
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Term
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Definition
| The subjective aspect of conscious experience which is different from the physical nature of the stimulus that provokes it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid eye movement during dreaming |
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Term
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Definition
| The retrieval of previously stored information; also a part of the AWAREness model |
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Term
8.32
recruitment and control |
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Definition
| function where consciousness taps into motor systems in order to carry out voluntary actions |
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Term
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Definition
| The filtering of incoming information from the outside world; also part of the AWAREness Model |
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Term
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Definition
| A sense of one's own personal information; also part of the AWAREness model |
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Term
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Definition
| in the form of self-reflection, inner speech and imagery, help us control our conscious and unconscious functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| The level of energy required to activate a neural response |
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Term
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Definition
| A level of analysis that aims to understand social psychological phenomena by investigating the cognitive process that underlie them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of drugs that elevates mood, increases feeling of well being, and increases energy and alertness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each person's conscious experience is unique; also part of the AWAREness model. |
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Term
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Definition
| Briefly presenting a stimulus below one's ability to consciously perceive it; however, serves to elevate the threashold of retrieval for related or associated items in memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| The continuum from sleep to alertness; a state in which you are consciously awake and aware of the outside world; also part of the AWAREness model |
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Term
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Definition
| Facts available in long term memory; also part of the AWAREness model. |
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