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| Vision, Mapping of Visual and Movement information |
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| Hearing and Mapping Auditory Information |
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| Thalamus and Hypothalamus, rests above the Pons |
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| Information Processing Center |
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| Fleeing, Fighting, Food and Fucking |
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| Parkinsons, Motor Movement, Move out and Up Around Pons to get to Basal Ganglia |
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| Cingulate Cortex/Gyrus, Hippocampus, Amygdala |
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| A presynaptic signal going through an axon |
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| Which two tests measure Post-Synaptic Activity |
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| EEG has ______ Temporal Resolution |
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| Why are post-synaptic signals viewed more easily? |
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| They are viewed more easily because they have a longer window of measurable activity |
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| Action potentials are measured by _________ and __________ |
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| Single and Multi Unit Recordings |
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| Pyramidal Cells are a type of neuron found in areas of the brain including cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and in the amygdala. Pyramidal neurons are the primary excitation units of the mammalian prefrontal cortex and the corticospinal tract. |
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| It is a dendrite that emerges from the apex of a pyramidal cell |
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| Pyramidal neurons in the cortex |
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| Significance of Aligned Apical Dendrites |
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| They summate more neatly for PSP tests like EEG and MEG, because the dendritic window of measurement is larger thus allows for more summation |
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| Why are axons not used in tests of dipoles? |
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| Because the axons activity does not summate because they are not aligned properly unlike the apical dendrites which are properly alligned |
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| How many neurons are summated in an average EEG |
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| What is needed to record electrical potentials at the scalp |
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| One must have a sensitive meter, the opportunity for temporal summation (ie PSPs occurring very close in time across a large number of dendrites) and the possibility of spatial summation (ie alignment affording dipole summation) |
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| These are neurons that are organized in such away to set up parallel dipoles |
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| Neurons organized in a nonparallel fashion, which leads to the canceling out of dipoles, making signals negligible at a distance |
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| Brosch et Al. Key Finding |
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| People were faster to respond to targets appearing in the spatial location of emotional vs. neutral prosody. Seems like emotional attention operates across sensory modalities by boosting early sensory stages of processing. |
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| Negative Difference is greater for processing when it is ______ cued |
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| Negative difference is great for processing when it is Validly Cued. I.e. the ND will increase when there is an increase in processing due to attention reflecting a response to a informative cue. |
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| What is the largest contributor to EEG |
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| Neuron alignment is __________ for electric dipole measurement |
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| Neuron alignment is imperative for electric dipole measurement |
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| _________ and ___________ are usually closed fields and are thus poor conductors |
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| Thalamus and Cerebellum are usually closed fields and are thus poor conductors |
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| An EEG becomes an __________ after it is averaged over time and summated |
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| An EEG becomes an ERP when we summate numerous trials and then average them to see the true response |
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| ERPs are ____________ than EEG's and should thus reflect the _______________ . |
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| ERP's are much smaller readings than EEG's and thus should reflect only the brain activity being questioned, because averaging should cancel out noise |
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| ERP Component: Peak Number |
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| Peak Number is the first positive peak, which is bleieved to be sensitive to the stimuli parameters |
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| ERP Component: Peak Latency |
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| Peak Latency is the negative component that peaks after roughly 400 ms in Brosch et. Al |
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| ERP Component: Functional Significance |
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| Functional Significance is measured as the mismatch negativity, which is the term used to describe the response to a change in stimuli that is expected to effect the ERP |
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| ERP Component: Location on the Scalp |
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| Where on the Scalp signal originates |
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| Why Does polarity information not tell about inhibitory/excitatory determination |
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| It does not provide any information because different signs may result from excitation coming from different subcortical regions, which causes changes in polarity that may not reflect inhibition or excitation. |
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| Brosch: Research Question |
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| He was looking to explore the neural underpinnings of cross modal modulation on visual attention by emotional prosody |
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| Brosch: Previous Research |
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| Preferential treatment of emotional stimuli with regard to response time has been seen in numerous studies |
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| Brosch: How did they analyze? |
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| They analyzed the data, by taking a local EEG which was then averaged in order to afford for an ERP |
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| Preprocessing is responsible for early stage shift when responding to an emotionally laden stimuli |
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| Single Modality Dot-Probe Task |
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They presented two different faces, one to each side of the fixation point, followed by a probe stimulus at either location. Participants must process the probe and a response may be required
----Detection task
----Discrimination Task (Go No-Go) |
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| The amplitude of the P1 will be ___________ if the eliciting Stimulus is at a ___________ location |
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| The amplitude of the P1 measure will be greater if the eliciting stimulus is at an attended location. Thus P1 differences reflect enhanced processing early in the visual stream |
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| What is the significance of the fact that you see an enhanced P1 response following a target presented in the location of an emotional target. |
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| The significance of this finding shows that attention seems to be grabbed by the initial presentation of emotional stimuli |
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| Nd (negative differnce) reflects modulation _______ in the processing stream than the P1 |
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| Nd reflects modulation later in the processing stream than the P1. ND respondes to neutral cues and can go across modalities. |
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| Brosch: Go vs No Go Trials |
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| These are the two blocks used. They designed a small number of the go trials that demanded a motor repsonse to study covert spatial orienting toward emotional stimuli ... in order to minimize the contamination of motor preparation or execution on EEG signal quality (90% no go) |
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| Which trial, Go or No-Go, was used for ERP analysis |
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| NO G, because they wanted to limit any noise that may result from movement |
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| Why were EOGs recorded (vertically and horizontally in Brosch et Al) |
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| They measured the EOG in order to account for contamination due to eye movements |
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| Measured in Hz and reflects the number of samples per second which is usually between 200-600 Hz |
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| Peak amplitude can be recorded from _________ to the peak or can be _______ to ____________ |
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| Peak amplitude is usually a measurement of the difference between the baseline and a peak or the difference from peak to peak |
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| Mean amplitude, for EEGs is the preferred measurement |
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| ERPs are great for the ________ not for the _________ |
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| ERPs are great for answering the question when, but do not afford much information regarding location |
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| It is hard to determine where in the brain the potentials that are recorded on the scalp originated |
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| Noninvasive, Cheap, Great Temporal Sensitivity, No task needed |
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| Affected by Artifacts (like muscle tension, blinking and sweat). Inverse Problem (scalp topography vs source analysis). Not all neural activity can be measured because of the closed field neural regions. Can only use ERP when time-locking is practical |
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| Dipole Orientation in EEG vs MEG |
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| In EEG, the measurement is sensitive to both tangential and radial dipoles leading to broad signals. While the MEG is sensitive only to tangential dipoles affording it a localized signal and great spatial localization |
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| What do Single-Cell Recordings allow us to make inferences about? |
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| We can make inferences at the neural level when using single cell recording, which measures the rate of firing in response to a stimulus |
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| What two things can you examine by using Multi-Cell Recordings |
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| Multi-Cell recordings allow you to examine rate coding as well as temporal coding |
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| What two things can you examine by using Multi-Cell Recordings |
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| Multi-Cell recordings allow you to examine rate coding as well as temporal coding |
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| What two things can you examine by using Multi-Cell Recordings |
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| Multi-Cell recordings allow you to examine rate coding as well as temporal coding |
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| Three Forms of Structural Neuroimaging |
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| Two Forms of Functional IMaging |
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| How do you localize to different regions of the brain in MRI |
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| You vary the magnetic field strength in each of the cardinal directions in order to localize the signal |
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| It is the most modulation friendly parameter in the MRI. It is the fine tuner |
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| Diffusion Tensor Imaging measures _______ |
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| The motion of water contained in axons using an MRI scanner |
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| What does PET scanners pick up? |
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| The PET scan picks up the signal associated with the decay of the radioisotope that gets injected |
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| What effect does Oxyhemoglobin have on the magnetic field? |
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| It has no affect on the magnetic field only Deoxyhemoglobin is paramagnetic and introduces an inhomogeneity into the magnetic field |
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| DTI measures which part of the neuron? |
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| What does it mean to say that DTI affords both structural and function info |
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| It means that this test, based on the movement of water through axons, will tell us what is happening in the brain and where |
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| Deeper red on a DTI means.... |
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| It means that there is more blood flowing in a certain region during the task |
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| Which type of MRI image is sensitive to the Hemoglobin distinction |
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| T2* images are sensitive to these different magnetic properties. The BOLD changes in T2* are used to create activation maps |
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| BOLD Signal Intensity measures |
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| HRF- Hemodynamic response function, with a y-axis showing the amount of HbO. The initial dip reflects an increase of deoxygenated blood resulting from a brain area having more activity |
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| PET is based on __________, while fMRI is based on __________ |
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| Pet is based on blood volume, while fMRI is based on changes in blood oxygen concentration |
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| fMRI has _______ temporal resolution than PET |
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| Much better, by an order of magnitude (1-4 sec vs 30 sec) |
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| fMRI has _______ spatial resolution than PET |
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| fMRI has a better sptial resolution than PET |
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| Must you use a block or event related design for PET scans |
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| You must use a block design as a result of the poor temporal resolution |
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| It is a small rectangular volume that is used as the basic sampling unit in neuroimaging. The voxel is used as a measure of resolution |
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| Assumption of Pure Insertion |
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| It is the assumption that you can add or remove different steps of a cognitive process without it having an effect on other pieces of the task that are upstream or downstream |
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| Must have at least 2 factors that are varying throughout the test. From which point two different factors are being measured. It allows us to test the idea of cognitive summation of tasks in a highly empirical fashion |
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| Conjunction Analysis Goals |
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You want 2 conditions to only share one thing in common ie.
--A--Hear Prosody
--B--See Fearful Face
--C--Hear scary music
ONly similar piece of neural activity should relate to fear processing, ie fear processing is the conjuction |
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| You will increase the demand for a processor, ie increasing the number of digits in a memorization task and see it's affect on working neuron. Ask, is there a region that increased activity systematically, from which we can deduce that brain area relates directly to an increase in working memory function |
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| Small movements can be corrected by ____________ |
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| Small movements can be corrected by rigid-body-alignment based on the assumption that the shape of the head doesn't change and tries to fit later images to an initial image |
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| It is the fitting of functional images, of people with different head shapes and sizes onto one standardized brain shape. |
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| It emits the radio frequency pulse, as well as records the echo |
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| It is measured in Tesla and reflects the magnet strength |
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| Most commmon map, used from one brain which was meticulously mapped out in relatino to center of the brain |
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| It is a new standard established by the Montreal Institute and reflects the combination of 152 MRI scans of R-handed subjects |
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| It is necessary for averaging spatial information across multiple subjects. The process involves spreading activation in order to fit a normal distribution. They will spread the level of activation of a given voxel to neighboring voxels |
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| The Fusiform Gyrus is ______________ defined while the Fusiform face area is _____________ defined within the FG |
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| The fusiform gyrus is anatomically defined while the fusiform face area is functionally defined within the fusiform gyrus |
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| Radiological Convention for Brain Viewing |
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| Act as though the patient is facing you, thus the left side of the brain is on the right side of the image |
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| Neurological Convention for Brain Viewing |
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| Act as though the person is facing away from you, such that the left side of the brain is on the left side of the image |
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| How to remember the conventions |
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Really Lame Rookies Never Love Life
Radiological Left is Right Neurological Left is Left |
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| It is peformed first in order to locate geographically defined regions, like the FFA so they know where to look in the brain from onset of the experiment |
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| It is a more powerful design as it can show clearly which regions of the brain are active |
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| It is a coil which has less area covered than a static field coil, though it provides a much more intense reading for one region |
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| It is a coil which has less area covered than a static field coil, though it provides a much more intense reading for one region |
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| If we lower the repetition time, you can sample faster affording for more timing data but less voxels get covered. If you increase the TR you will be afforded very good spatial information |
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| Why is a factorial design better than cognitive subtraction |
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| It is better because you can see the interaction between |
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| FFA- Focuses on face configuration as well as integrating information regarding parts unlike the OFA and fSTS were only responsive to face parts. |
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| The brain will feed forward face related informatino to the FFA, which may be a higher level function processor |
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| Articles presented with an accompanying brain image were judged to _______ |
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| Articles presented with an accompanying brain image were judged to have better scientific reasoning and participants were more likely to agree with their conclusions |
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| Problem of Multiple Comparisons |
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| If we increase the number of tests but use a .05 cutoff only, then the overall chances of turning up a false positive increases. This occurs because the with every comparison the chance of false positives increases. It is an increase of the Type 1 error with increase of comparisons |
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| Solution for Multiple Comparisons |
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| You can change how significance is calculated in whole head analysis via FWE and FDR. You can also decrease the number of voxels tested using a region of analysis (ROI- Region of Interest) approach |
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