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| Layer of connective tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord. Divided into three areas, the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater. |
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| Nerves that carry message from body to brain |
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| Nerves that carry messages from body to brain |
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| The middle layer of the meninges. |
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| Inner layer of the meninges. |
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| Composed of myelinated neurons. Does not contain dendrites. Axons connect various areas of gray matter. Main function is information transmission |
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| Major component of the CNS composed of unmyelinated neurons. Short axons and dendrites. Main function is information processing. |
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| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
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| Clear and colorless fluid contained within a system of fluid-filled cavities called ventricles. Acts as a protective buffer for the brain, and provides buoyancy at the base of the brain. Excretes waste products to the bloodstream away from the brain. Transports hormones to other areas of the brain. |
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| Part of the brain containing the Brainstem and Cerebullum. |
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| Contains the Medullar oblongata and the pons. Overall controls breathing, heartbeat, articulate speech. |
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| Central control of breathing. Regulates heartbeat and adjusts blood flow. |
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| Part of brainstem that relays sensory information between cerebellum and cerebrum. Helps to regulate respiration. |
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| Region of the brain that coordinates body movements. Contains as many neurons as all the rest of the brain combined. Coordinates most muscles, learned skills, movement and timing. Sends messages of movement and balance back to body. |
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| Part of brain that contains reticular formation, substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area. |
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| Region running through middles of the hindbrain and into the midbrain. Collects sensory input (e.g. sound) from higher brains centers and passes it on to motor neurons. Involved in sleep, arousal and vomiting. |
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| Helps smooth body movements. Damage to it causes Parkinson's Disease. |
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| Packed with dopamine neurons. Involved with pleasure. |
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| Part of brain divided into the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. |
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| Divided into four different lobes (Frontal, Parietal, Occipital and Temporal). Responsible for thinking/learning, creativity, five senses, memory and emotion, problem solving, and decisions. |
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| Lobe in cerebral cortex responsible for reasoning, planning, parts of speech and movement, emotions, and problem-solving. |
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| Lobe in cerebral cortex responsible for perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, pain and temperature |
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| Lobe in cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and memory. |
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| Lobe in cerebral cortex responsible for vision. |
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| Coordinates complex movement. |
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| Primary somatosensory cortex |
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| Receives tactile information from the body. |
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| Detection of sound quality. |
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| Responsible for complex processing of visual information. |
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| Smell part of the brain. Receives input from the specialized epithelia. |
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| Striatum and Nucleus Accumbens |
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| Relate to the pleasurable and addictive effects of amphetamines, cocain and other psychoactive drugs by producing increasing levels of dopamine. |
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| Essential for the formation of long term memories. Helps to find memories. |
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| Center of emotions. Contains vasopressin receptor that when activated increases aggressiveness and other signs of fight or flight. Oxytocin receptor when activated lessens signs of stress. Receive signals from olfactory system - powerful effect of smell on emotion. |
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| Relays all sensory information except the olfactory to various parts of the cerebral cortex. Regulates states of sleep and wakefulness. Regulates arousal, level of awareness and activity. |
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| Center of the Autonomic Nervous System. Keeps the normal homeostasis of the body (body temperature, blood chemistry, etc.) Source of 8 hormones. |
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| Loop joining the internal carotid artery and middle cerebral artery with the basilar artery. |
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| Main pathway for information connectin the brain and peripheral nervous system. Collects sensory information from PNS to the brain. Connects motor information from the brain to various effectors. |
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| Made up of bones called vertebrae. Provides structural support for the trunk and protects the spinal cord. Provides attachment points for the muscles of the back and ribs. Vertebral disks serve as shock absorbers - allow spine to flex and extend. |
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| Connects each spinal cord segment to perihperal nervous system. "Mixed" nerves: they contain both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) nerves. |
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| Direct communication between sensory and motor neuron. Simplest and fastest of all reflexes (e.g. stretch-knee-jerk reflex) |
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| Faciliates interneuron communications between sensory-motor neurons. Common type of reflex. (E.g. withdrawal) |
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| Building block of the brain. Many types and shapes, connected to one another. Three main parts, cell body (Soma), dendrites, and axon. |
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| Neuron's main cellular space. |
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| Part of neuron that receives messages from other neurons. Bring information into the cell body. |
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| Part of neuron that sends messages to other neurons. Send information away from the cell body. |
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| Neurons that have two processes from the cell body (e.g. retinal cells, olfactory epithelium cells) |
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| Neurons that have two axons rather than an axon and dendrite. One axon extends centrally toward the spinal cord, the other axon extends toward the skin or muscle (e.g. dorsal root ganglion cells) |
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| Have many process that extend from the cell body. [FIX2] |
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| Special type of neuron. Major role in the cerebellum. Long distance connections: coordinate body movements. |
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| Small gap seperating neurons. Consists of presynaptic ending, postsynaptic ending, and a synaptic cleft. |
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| Terminal of synapse. Contains neurotransmitters, mitochondria and other cell organelles. |
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| Terminal of synapse with receptor sites for neurotransmitters. |
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| Area between pre and post synaptic endings. |
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| Neurotransmitter responsible for transmitting signals between neurons to produce smooth purposeful movement. Parkinson's disease causes the death of cells that produce this. |
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| Electrical difference of the inside of the neuron relative to the outside when the neuron is at rest. Inside of neuron is negative relative to the outside. |
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| Supporting cells of the CNS. Surround neurons, hold them in place. Supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons. Insulate one neuron from another. Destroy and remove dead neurons. |
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| Most abundant type of glial cells. Numerous projects that anchor neurons for their blood supply. Regulate the external chemical environment of neurons by removing excess ions, notably potassim. Recycling neurotransmitters released during synaptic transmission. Building blocks of the blood-brain barrier. Regulate vasoconstriction/dilation. Do not communicate through synapses, rather use a calcium wave. |
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| Used by astrocytes to communicate. Gap junctions between astrocytes allow messenger molecule IP3 to diffuse from one astrocyte to another. IP3 activates calcium channels on cellular organelles, and release calcium into the cytoplasm, stimulating the production of more IP3. |
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| Type of glial cell. Brain's Immune Cells. |
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| Type of glial cell. Provide support to axons and produce the myelin sheath, which insulates axons. |
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| 80% lipid, 20% protein. Allows the efficient conduction of action potentials down the axon. |
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| Isolates and protects brain from foreign substances or chemicals. Highly selective transport mechanism. Maintains glucose and ion levels of brain. Composed of Endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, neurons, and a basement membrane. |
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| Transcellular lipophilic pathway |
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| Path for lipid soluble molecules to pass through blood brain barrier. |
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| Transport/Carrier Proteins |
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| Method for transporting glucose, amino acids, nucleosides.. through the blood brain barrier. |
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| Paracellular aqueous pathway |
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| Method for transporting water soluble molecules through blood brain barrier. |
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| Method of transporting plasma proteins via endocytosis. |
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| Receptor-mediated transcytosis |
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| Method of transferring insulin past the blood brain barrier using endocytosis. |
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| Transmembrane protein that uses ATP to transport. Found in the Blood Brain Barrier and acts as the defense mechanism restricting the penetration of lipophilic substances into the brain. |
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| Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells |
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| Cells that form tight junctions forming a continuous brain capillary. Contain no gaps, thus restricting the free flow of substances into and out of the blood. Has a high electrical resistance. Contain more mitochondria than other, similar cells. |
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| Blood vessels are comprised of these. Typically don't grow in healthy adults, and have a long life span of 2.5-3 years. Two types, macrovascular and microvascular. |
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| Integral tight junctional membrane protein. Four transmembrane domains with two extracellular loops. |
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| Multigene transmembrane protein family. Form the primary seal of the tight junction. Major function for the formation and maintenance of the tight junction. |
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| Junctional Adhesion Molecules (JAM) |
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| Signal transmembrane protein. Mediate leukocyte adhesion and migration. |
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| Zonula Occludens (ZO 1/2/3) |
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| Cytoplasmic proteins that link claudins, occludin, and junction adhesion molecules to actin cytoskeleton. Stabilize the tight junction. |
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| Glial cells that envelop 99% of the blood brain barrier endothelium. Interconnected by gap junctions and adherens junctions. No tight junctions. Serve as scaffolds, guiding neurons and directing blood brain barrier vessels to their proper place during development. |
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| Cells that have a close physical association with the endothelium. Cellular projections penetrate the basal lamina and cover approximately 20-30% of the microvascular endothelium. Communicate with endothelial cells via gap junctions. Regulate growth, survival, migration, differentiation, and vascular branching of endothelial cells. Can phagocytize exogeneous proteins. Mimic astrocyte ability to induce blood brain barrier tightness. |
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| Areas of the brain where the blood brain barrier is weak. Either secrete or are the sites of action of hormones/neurotransmitters. Communicate with the cerebral spinal fluid and the peripheral organs. |
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| Part of circumvenricular organs that secretes melatonin and neuroactive pepties |
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| Part of circumventricular organs that regulates anterior pituitary through release of neurohormones. |
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| Organun vasculosum of the lamina terminalis |
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| Part of circumventricular Organs that deteects peptides - chemosensory area. |
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| Part of circuventricular organs that regulates body fluids |
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| Vomiting center of circumventricular organs. |
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| Cell-to-cell contact between adjacent brain microvascular endothelial cells forming a continuous brain capillary. |
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