Term
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Definition
| Afferent, Efferent, Interneuron |
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Term
| What part of nervous system is the afferent neuron part of |
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Definition
| afferent peripheral nervous system |
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Term
| where does the afferent neuron conduct APs towards |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the afferent neuron cell body |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does afferent neuron end with |
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Definition
| peripheral end is a sensory receptor |
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Term
| where does efferent neuron conduct APs to |
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Definition
|
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Term
| where are the efferent neuron cell bodies located |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what do efferent axon terminals synapse to |
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Definition
| effectors (muscles, organs, glands) |
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Term
| where is the interneuron located |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the role of the interneuron |
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Definition
| integrator of afferent signals and efferent response |
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Term
| What does the CNS consist of |
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Definition
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Term
| What does gray matter consist of |
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Definition
| cell bodies and unmyelinated neurons |
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Term
| What does white matter consist of |
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Definition
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Term
| What do glial cells consist of in the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| what do ependymal cells do in the CNS |
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Definition
| line cavities (like brain ventricles) and help form CSF |
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Term
| What do oligodendrocytes do |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Phagocytosis which acts as immune defense monitoring for pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| help nourish neurons and help form the blood brain barrier |
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Term
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Definition
| it encases and supports the brain |
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Term
| what does the vertebral column do |
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Definition
| it surrounds and protects the spinal cord |
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Term
| what do the meningeal membranes do |
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Definition
| lie between the bone and nervous tissue |
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Term
| what is the order of the meningeal membranes from inside to outside |
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Definition
| Pia mater, Arachnoid mater, Dura mater |
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Term
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Definition
| it cushions the nervous tissue of brain |
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Term
| what are some properties of the BBB |
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Definition
| low permeability of capillaries in brain, many tight junctions between endothelial cells, lipid soluble molecs can pass through |
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Term
| what is not protected by the BBB in the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| what must the brain have a constant supply of |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does the cerebral cortex do |
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Definition
| sensory perception, voluntary control of move, language, personality traits, sophisticated mental events (memory, decisions, creativity, self-consciousness) |
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Term
| what does the basal nuclei do |
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Definition
| inhibition of muscle tone, coordination of slow sustained movements, suppression of useless patterns of movement |
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Term
| what does the thalamus do |
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Definition
| relay station for all synaptic input, crude awareness of sensation, some degree of consciousness, role in motor control |
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Term
| what does the hypothalamus do |
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Definition
| regulate many homeo static func. (temp, thirst, urine output, food intake), important link between nervous and endocrine systems, extensive involvement with emotion and basic behavioral patterns, role in sleep-wake cycle |
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Term
| what does the cerebellum do |
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Definition
| maintain balance, enhance muscle tone, coordinate and plan skilled voluntary muscle activity, proprioception (knowing position in space) |
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Term
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Definition
| origin of majority of peripheral cranial nerves, cardio, resp, and digestive control center, regulate muscle reflexes for equilibrium and posture, receives and integrates synaptic input from spinal cord, role in sleep-wake cycle |
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Term
| what makes up the limbic system |
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Definition
| parts of cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, thalamus, hypothalamus |
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Term
| what is the major role of the hippocampus |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| storage of info for later recall |
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Term
| what is short-term memory |
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Definition
| memory that lasts seconds to minutes, that is based on continuous activity of cortex synapses |
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Term
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Definition
| lasts days to years, made from growth of new connections and synapses, from protein production |
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Term
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Definition
| the conversion of short-term to long-term memory |
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Term
| how does consolidation happen |
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Definition
| by strengthening existing synapses as a result of increasing neurotransmitter release or increasing neurotransmitter receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| a decreased responsiveness to repeated presentation of indifferent stimulus |
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Term
| how does habituation occur |
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Definition
| from repeated indifferent stimuli leading to prevention of VG Ca channels in presynaptic neurons from opening resulting in no NT being released |
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Term
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Definition
| the increased responsiveness to a mild stimuli following a strong or noxious stimulus, a result of presynaptic facilitation |
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Term
| how does sensitization occur |
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Definition
| facilitating neuron is activated by strong or noxious stimulus, with serotonin from far neuron activating cAMP system in presynaptic axon terminal, blocking K channels in axon terminal resulting in a prolonged depolarization of the membrane |
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Term
| what is long term potentiation |
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Definition
| an increase the strength of existing synapses following brief periods of repetitive stimulation |
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Term
| how does long term potentiation occur in the hippocampus |
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Definition
| glutamate released from presyn neuron binds to AMPA and NMDA receptors, if both activate then more AMPA receptors are added |
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Term
| how do AMPA receptors activate and what do they do when they activate |
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Definition
| they activate by the binding of glutamate and they are gated Na/K channels that cause a Na influx (EPSP) |
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Term
| how do NMDA receptors activate and what do they when they activate |
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Definition
| they activate from glutamate binding and a depolarization caused by an AMPA EPSP, results in Mg ion being removed from pore and Ca influx activating 2nd messenger systems |
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Term
| what can be found in the gray matter of the spinal cord and what is its role |
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Definition
| the Dorsal horn (the axon terminals are afferent fibers); Ventral horn (cell bodies of efferent neurons); Lateral horn (cell binders of efferents controlling extrinsic func) |
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Term
| how is white matter of spinal cord arranged |
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Definition
| into ascending and descending tracts |
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Term
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Definition
| a response that occurs automatically without conscious effort |
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Term
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Definition
| an unlearned reflex that is acquired or conditioned |
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Term
| how does the reflex arc work |
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Definition
| sensory receptor responds to stimulus, afferent neuron conducts AP, efferent neuron responds to stimulation from interneuron, sends AP to effectors causing response |
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Term
| what are properties of sensory receptors |
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Definition
| specialized to respond to one type of stimulus energy, require an adequate stimulus (specific to type which it responds best to), specialized endings of afferent fiber, stimulation will cause altered membrane permeability |
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Term
| what are the different types of sensory receptors and what is their stimulus |
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Definition
| Photoreceptor (light); thermoreceptor (heat); osmoreceptor (osmolarity change); chemoreceptors (conc of spec chemicals); olfactory receptors (smell); taste receptors; mechanoreceptors (physical force) |
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Term
| what are different mechanoreceptors |
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Definition
| bororeceptors (pressure); stretch receptors; hair cells of ear (vibrations); touch receptors (physical pressure); nocireceptors (tissue damage) |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulation of receptor causes altered membrane permeability (channels open), Na influx (from regions adjacent to receptor), depolarization, APs generated if enough depolarization |
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Term
| how does a receptor work if it is a separate cell |
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Definition
| stimulus energy causes Na influx as a result of altered permeability, VG Ca channels open, influx of Ca, exocytosis of NT, excitation of afferent neuron AP |
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Term
| what does intensity of the stimulus affect |
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Definition
| the greater the stimulus energy the greater the receptor potential (RP); the greater the RP the greater the freq of APs generated in afferent neurons |
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Term
| what does and increase in area stimulated cause |
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Definition
| results in an increased number of receptors activated resulting in an increase in intensity |
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Term
| what is sensory adaptation |
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Definition
| the ability to diminish depolarization despite sustained stimulus and it generates RP when a change in stimulus strength occurs |
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Term
| what are the two types of sensory adaptative receptors and how much do they adapt |
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Definition
Phasic receptors (adapt easily-ex pressure receptors)
Tonic receptors(don't adapt or do so slowly ex- pain receptor) |
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Term
| what is a receptive field |
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Definition
| a defined region of skin in which the afferent neuron will respond to a stimulus |
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Term
| how does receptive field compare to number of receptors |
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Definition
| the size of the field varies inversely with number of receptors present |
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Term
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Definition
| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and Somatic Nervous System |
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Term
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Definition
| it contains neurons that control involuntary responses of body (smooth, cardiac muscles, glands) |
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Term
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Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic division |
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Term
| how does the 2 neuron pathway work in the ANS |
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Definition
| cell body of preganglionic fiber (first) is in CNS, the terminal terminate in the autonomic ganglion and synapses on cell body of post-ganglionic neuron which synapses on the effector organ |
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Term
| what is the sympathetic action and what are the lengths of the 2 neurons in the pathway |
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Definition
fight or flight
short pregang, long postgang |
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Term
| what is the parasympathetic action and what are the lengths of the 2 neurons in the pathway |
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Definition
rest and digest
long pregang, short postgang |
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Term
| what does it mean that most visceral organs have dual innervation |
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Definition
| the organs are innervated for both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions (ex- symp increase HR, parasy decrease HR) |
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Term
| what are the two major classes of receptors that bind Ach |
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Definition
| Nicotinic and Muscarinic receptors |
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Term
| what are properties of nicotinic receptors |
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Definition
| chemically gated ion channels; Ach binds, channel opens, Na influx, depolarization, EPSP; on postgang subsynaptic membrane |
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Term
| what are properties of muscarinic receptors |
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Definition
| GPCR receptors; Ach binds, activates 2nd messenger system, cell response; on effector organ on site of parasymp innervations |
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Term
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Definition
| to the adrenergic receptors at alpha and beta receptors |
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Term
| what do alpha receptors have more affinity for |
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Definition
| generally more affinity for NE than EPI |
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Term
| what is the difference between a1 and a2 receptors |
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Definition
| when bound to a1 usually has excitatory effect (found in arteriolar smooth muscle causes vasoconstriction) while binding to a2 is usually inhibatory |
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Term
| what is the difference between B1 and B2 receptors |
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Definition
| B1 has equal affinity for NE and EPI, usually excitatory (found in heart) while B2 binds with greater affinity to EPI and is usually inhibitory (arteriolar smooth muscle serves heart and skeletal muscle) |
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Term
| where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons emerge from |
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Definition
| thoracic and lumbar nerves |
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Term
| where do parasympathetic pregans emerge from |
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Definition
| cranial and sacral nerves (CN X-vagus) |
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|
Term
| what does the adrenal medulla do |
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Definition
| it produces epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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|
Term
| what happens during sympathetic activation |
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Definition
| EPI (80%) and NE (20%) are released from adrenal medulla; enters circulation as hormones; binds to adrenergic receptors throughout body |
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Term
|
Definition
| mimic natural ligand for receptor and brings about normal response to receptor activation |
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Term
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Definition
| compete with natural ligand for binding and when bound to receptor it blocks the normal response |
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Term
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Definition
| they lower blood pressure (act as antagonist) |
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