Term
| Neurons respond to stimuli and are either ___ or ____. They respond by altering __ ___ differences across membranes. |
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Definition
- excitable
- irritable
- electrical potential |
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Term
| Bipolar neurons have an ___ and a ___ and are found in the ___, ___ ___, and ___ ____. |
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Definition
- axon
- dendrite
- retina
- olfactory epithelium
- acoustic ganglia |
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Term
| Multipolar neurons have an ___ and two or more ____and are found throughout the nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Pseudounipolar neurons have a single process that divides into _ branches to form a T shape. These are found where? |
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Definition
2
- cranial and spinal ganglia of PNS |
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Term
| Interneurons aka ____ _____, transmit signals within area of the ____. |
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Definition
association neurons
perikaryon (cell body, soma) |
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Term
| Interneurons are between ____ _____ neuron and the ____ ___ neuron. |
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Definition
- primary sensory neuron
- final motor neuron |
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Term
| Any neuron whose processes are entirely confined to an area are considered ____. These are located in the ___ ___, ____, and ____. |
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Definition
Interneurons
- olfactory bulb
- retina (bipolar neurons)
- spinal cord |
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Term
| The perikaryon, aka neuron ___ ___, is the ___ center of the cell, but can also receive ____ input. |
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Definition
- cell body
- trophic
- stimuli |
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Term
| The perikaryon, aka neuron ___ ___, is the ___ center of the cell, but can also receive ____ input. |
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Definition
- cell body
- trophic
- stimuli |
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Term
| the perikaryon contains the ___ and ___ but does NOT include the ____. |
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Definition
- nucleus
- cytoplasm
- processes |
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Term
| what part of the neuron receives nerve endings that transmit excitatory or inhibitory stimuli from other neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| the nucleus is large and contains mostly ___ and a prominant ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| in a neruon perikarya, the __ ___ ___ is highly developed. |
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Definition
| - rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| The RER and free ribosomes appear basophillic and are called ___ ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Injury to neurons causes a reduction in ___ ____, which is referred to as ____. |
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Definition
- Nissl bodies
- chromatolysis |
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Term
| The __ ___ is found only in the perkaryon, while mitochondria are also found in ____, ____, and ___ ____. |
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Definition
- gogli complex- only in perikarya
- mitochondria in perikarya, axons, dendrites, and axon terminals |
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Term
| The __ nerve, is an extension of the brain, so it is the only ____ ___, all the other cranial nerves are ___ ____. |
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Definition
- optic
- central nerve
- peripheral nerves |
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Term
| a nerve impulse or action potential is a ___ change. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| where are unipolar (single process and dendrite and axon) found? |
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Definition
| dorsal root ganglia of spine |
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Term
| will an active cell have more euchromatin or heterochromatin |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the nucleolus do? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| golgi are found in the ___, mitochondria are found in the ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurofilaments are ___ ____found in neuronal ____and ____. |
|
Definition
- intermediate filaments
- perikaryon
- processes |
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|
Term
| can see neurofilaments if use an ___ specific to the tissue and expose it to fluroescence. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Perikarya also has microtubles, what roles do these play? |
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Definition
- structural role
- mitosis
- cytokinesis
- vesicular transport |
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|
Term
| Lipofuscin, referrerd to as ___ ___, accumulates with age in neuron cell bodies. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The lipofuscin found in the substantia nigra of the midbrain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| RER and free ribosomes are found in ____. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| ____ and ____ are aligned along the axis of the dendrite. |
|
Definition
- Neurofilaments
- microtubules |
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|
Term
| Microtubules in dendrites aid in transport of macromolecules within ___ to distal regions. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| All dendrites receive ____ ____ at points along their lenght. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| some dendritic spines, which are small protusions also receive synaptic contacts |
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Definition
|
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Term
| plasma membrane of the axon is called the ___ . It maintains the cells ____ ____ and contains channels that ions can flow through. |
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Definition
- axolemma
- membrane potential |
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|
Term
| The cytoplasm in the axon is called the ____, and 90% of the neurons cytoplasm is here. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where is most of a neurons cytoplasm? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| glial cells make up the ___ volume in the CNS as neurons do |
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Definition
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|
Term
| astocytes in the CNS can ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| in HandE stained tissue, only ___ of glial cells show up. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the largest and most abundant glial cell in the CNS. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Protoplastic astrocytes are found in ___ matter and cover non-synaptic neuronal surfaces. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Fibrous astrocytes are mostly found in ____ matter of the CNS, but can also be found in gray matter. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrous astrocytes have higher levels of ___ ____ ____, ___ ___ ___ ___, than protoplasmic astrocytes. |
|
Definition
intermediate filament proteins
- glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) |
|
|
Term
| astrocytes help for the ___ ___ on the outer part of the brain, which prevents antibodies from getting in brain. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| bbb is created by __ junctions b/w endothelial cells, astroctyes also here. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| role of astrocytes in CNS: |
|
Definition
- repair of CNS tissue by walling off damaged area with a plaque from healthy area
- fluid transport (Na+) by being so associated with blood vessels |
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|
Term
| oligodendrocytes are abundant in the ___ ____ since this region of the brain is ___ ____. |
|
Definition
- corpus callosum
- highly myelinated |
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|
Term
| oligodendrocytess are detected by staining for ___ |
|
Definition
myelin basic protein (MBP)
myelin associated glycoprotein protein (MAG) |
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|
Term
| Microglial cells are ___ ___ ___ cells |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| are microglia cells in white or gray matter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microglia nucleus description: |
|
Definition
| small dense chromatin, bean shaped |
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Term
| Microglial cells are the principle __ cell in the CNS. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| microglia cells originate in the ___ ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ependymal cells are ___ or ___ in shape and line ___ of the brain and the __ ___ of the spinal cord. |
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Definition
- cuboidal
- squamous
- ventricles
- central canal |
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|
Term
| ependymal cells are bathed in CSF and have numerous ___ on their apical surface to move the CSF. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ventricles of brain ependymal cells and underlying capillaries form the ___ ___ which produces CSF. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| myelinated region in CNS is ___, unmyelinated region in CNS is __ __ ___. |
|
Definition
internode= myelinated
node of Ranvier= unmyelinated |
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|
Term
| adjacent to node of ranvier is terminal loops of myelin called ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in first stage of myelination, the axon at a particular site is enclosed by process of ___ ___ ____. the process completely envelops the axon and its lips come together to form a ___. |
|
Definition
- myelin forming oligodendrocyte
- mesaxon |
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|
Term
| process of forming MDLs is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with MS the space that was taken up by myelin gets taken up by astrocytic processes instead so you have __ ___ |
|
Definition
| astrocytic hyperplasia- called an astrocyte plaque |
|
|
Term
| could stain for astroctye plaque with |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| MS patients have __ to myelin in their CSF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___ is the region of ____ myelin loops right next to the node of Ranvier. |
|
Definition
- paranode
- uncompacted myelin |
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|
Term
| only at the __ __ ___ is a myelinated axon exposed to the extracellular environment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at a synapse the __ is expanded and has vesicles of ____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| neurotransmittes are stored in vesicles and released when the membrane of the vesicle fuses with teh presynaptic membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the presynaptic membrane is the terminus of a ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| synaptic clefts are filled with what? |
|
Definition
- proteins
- mucopolysaccharides |
|
|
Term
| Gray matter is composed primarily of perikarya, unmyelinated axons, protoplasmic astrocytes, satellite oligodendrocytes, and microglia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| White matter consists primarily of myelinated axons, fibrous astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gray matter is on ___ of brain, but ___ of spinal cord |
|
Definition
gray outside brain
gray inside spinal cord |
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|
Term
| central canal in spinal cord is remnant of lumen of ___ ___ __ and lined by epyndemal cells with cilia and microvilli, which extend up and down spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| layers of cerebellar cortex |
|
Definition
Outer molecular layer - receives dendrites of Purkinje neurons.
Central Purkinje cells – neurons.
Inner granule layer - receives axons of Purkinje neurons. |
|
|
Term
| purkinje cells receive ___ and ___ impulses from ___ areas of the cerebral cortex. |
|
Definition
excitatory
inhbitory
motor |
|
|
Term
| purkinje cells are myelinated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cerebellum modulates and coordinates movments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| purkinje cells are the largest neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cerebrum has outer gray layer, cortex, and inner white layer. the cortex has what cells? |
|
Definition
| glia and neurons, pyramidal, stellate, and spindle in shape |
|
|
Term
| cells in cerebrum are in 6 layers: |
|
Definition
Molecular layer (outermost) - nerve fibers, processes and some neurons.
External granular layer - granule neurons and glial cells.
External pyramidal layer - large pyramidal and granule neurons and glial cells.
- Internal granular layer - granule neurons and some glial cells.
- Internal pyramidal layer - medium-size pyramidal neurons and some glial cells.
- Multiform layer (innermost) - glial cells and neurons of various shapes. |
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