Term
| Define the field of Audiology |
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Definition
The science of hearing and deafness:
hearing, anatomy & physiology, psychology, sociology, deafness, disease process of the ear, rehabilitation |
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Term
| What disciplines does audiology come from? |
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Definition
| Psychology, Otology, Physics, and Sociology |
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Term
| What is hearing applied to audiology? |
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Definition
| The physics of sound-waves-source-medium-destination, and the parameters of sound-intensity-frequency |
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Term
| Explanation of the aspects of hearing |
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Definition
| Source: where the sound comes from Medium: substance/space/location which sound passes Destination: the ears are the destination Frequency: the amount of displacement & how often sound waves vibrate |
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Term
| Anatomy and physiology applied to audiology |
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Definition
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Term
| Explanation of psychology applied to audiology |
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Definition
| The response of the organism to the stimulus -> effects of hearing and loss |
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Term
| Explanation of sociology applied to audiology |
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Definition
| helping the individual adjust to society |
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Term
| Explanation of deafness applied to audiology |
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Definition
| understanding pathophysiology |
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Term
| Explanation of rehabilitation applied to audiology |
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Definition
| the restoration of function because there is no medicine |
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Term
| Professional Functions of an Audiologist |
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Definition
1. assessment of hearing (concept of threshold)
2. diagnosis of hearing loss
3. provide aural rehabilitation
4. public education
5. university education
6. research
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Term
| Assessment of hearing function |
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Definition
| Assessing the concept of threshold; the lowest level of hearing 50% of the time (varies from the norm) |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest level of hearing 50% of the time; part of the assessment of hearing |
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Term
| Diagnosis of hearing loss function |
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Definition
| how much hearing loss there is, and where the problem is located |
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Term
| Aural Rehabilitation function |
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Definition
rehabilitation for the hearing impaired; to help restore function:
-hearing aid fitting and selection
-auditory training; helping patient optimize hearing
-lipreading and visual communication
-meeting individual needs |
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Term
| Public education function |
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Definition
-civic groups
-special groups; parents of deaf children, physicians (to appraise them of services available) |
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Term
| University Education Function |
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Definition
-train students to work in the field
-train students to be scholars in research |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The difference between hearing threshold and diagnosis of hearing loss |
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Definition
| Hearing threshold is finding the lowest amount of hearing 50% of the time.
Diagnosis of hearing loss is finding the amount of hearing loss a patient has and where the hearing loss is. |
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Term
| What are the components of Aural Rehabilitation? |
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Definition
The restorative function for the ear:
-hearing aid fitting and selection
-auditory training(helping a person optimize hearing)
-lipreading and visual communication
-meeting individual needs |
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Term
| What settings to audiologists work in? |
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Definition
-hospital: consulting or in speech & hearing department
-university: clinic or teaching
-with otologists: privately
-schools
-special education facilities: schools for the deaf, developmentally delayed, deaf/blind/multiply handicapped
-industry: noise reduction in factories due to hearing loss
-privately practice
-hearing aid business
+multiple settings |
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Term
| What academic training is required of audiologists? |
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Definition
-minimum degree of an Au.D
-academic Ph.D if wanting to teach
-training at bachelors level that pertains to audiology |
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Term
| What professional organizations oversee audiology? |
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Definition
-ASHA: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (1924)
-AAA: American Academy of Audiology (1988) |
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Term
| What are the implications of hearing loss (what are the effects)? & examples |
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Definition
1. Medical: important because of the location in relation to the brain (ear infections)
2. Educational: occurs mostly editorially (speech and language lessons as a child)
3. Psychologic (depression)
4. Vocational (unable to keep a job)
5. Social (unable to partake in conversation) |
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Term
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Definition
-makes policies regarding professional ethics
-makes policies regarding professional competence
-issues certificates of clinical competence
-accredits academic programs
-provides education in the two fields & encourages expansion of current knowledge and scholariness
-there are state chapters with state and regional meetings as well as that of the general membership
-and more miscellaneous functions |
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Term
| Population with the greatest amount of hearing loss |
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Definition
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Term
| Population with the second greatest amount of hearing loss |
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Definition
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Term
| What projections can we make about hearing impairment over the coming decades? |
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Definition
| The amount of hearing impairment will increase due to the aging of our country (we now have the largest older population in American history and it is growing) |
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Term
| Survey methods used to get information about the hearing statistics |
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Definition
-people are general reluctant to answer honestly on questionnaires due to vanity
-there's a large population of industrial workers who have losses due to noise exposure |
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Term
| Reasons hearing loss prevalence is on the increase |
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Definition
-increased longevity
-better medical procedures allowing life to be sustained but with possible after effects such as deafness
-increase in genetic deafness: probably because deaf people usually marry one another; inspite that 9/10 deaf children have two hearing parents
-otoxicity: drugs causing hearing loss (prescription)-very small
-recognition of noise induced hearing loss |
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Term
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Definition
| Practitioner in the field of audiology (science of hearing and deafness) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Hearing Loss (hypoacusis) |
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Definition
| able to hear, just not normally |
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Term
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Definition
| loss in sensitivity and understanding |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ear, nose & throat specialty (ENT doctors) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How do audiologist and ENT's physicians collaborate to manage hearing impaired individuals? |
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Definition
| ENT's use audiologist to locate where the problem and damage is |
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Term
| Relationship between ENT & Audiology |
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Definition
| ENT's need audiologists to locate where a problem is located, from there they will determine the treatment or what the problem IS. |
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Term
| With respect to hearing, explain how the ear acts as a transducer, amplifier, analyzer, and integrator. |
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Definition
transducer: changes energy from mechanical to electrochemical
amplifier: makes up for energy lossed entering the inner ear (the middle ear does this) by amplifying the signal
analyzer: the inner ear analyzes the sound waves and information coming in and translates it for the brain
integrator: the brain takes this information and puts it together so that it can be utilized
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Term
| Name the five portions of the ear. |
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Definition
1. Outer or External Ear
2. Middle Ear [air filled]
3. Inner Ear [bony shell, fluid filled]
4. Auditory 8th Nerve
5. Central Auditory System [the brain] |
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Term
| How many peripheral and central auditory mechanisms do we have? |
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Definition
Peripheral systems: two
Central auditory mechanism: one
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Term
| Location of the Peripheral systems |
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Definition
| one on each side of the brain |
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Term
| What is the central auditory system? |
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Definition
| place where information from the two systems join and form an integrated body |
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Term
| Where is the auditory mechanism located in the skull? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main portions of the external (outer) ear? |
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Definition
1. Pinna (or auricle)
2. The Meatus (or external auditory canal) |
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Term
| What is the main function of the external (or outer) ear? |
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Definition
| To pick up airborne sound waves and lead them to the middle and inner ear. |
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Term
| Name the structures that encompass the middle ear. |
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Definition
1. Ear drum (tympanic membrane)
2. Three bones (malleus, incus, and stapes)
3. The round window
4. Eustachian Tube
5. Tensor Tympani Muscle
6. Stapedius Muscle |
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Term
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Definition
1. Malleus
2. Incus
3. Stapes |
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Term
| What is the function of the ossicles? |
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Definition
| They form the coupling between vibrations and the eardrum, and the forces exerted on the oval window of the inner ear. |
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Term
| How is air pressure maintained in the middle ear? |
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Definition
The Eustachian tube is meant to maintain the air pressure in the ear to match that outside the ear. It does so because of the angle, it is designed like a drain. |
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Term
| A great deal of sound energy is lost when going from the air medium of the middle ear to the fluid medium of the inner ear. How does the ear compensate? |
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Definition
| The middle ear compensates for this loss of energy by amplifying the signal: by the lever action of the ossicles [1.3:1 ration] and the area difference between the oval window and the tympanic membrane [most of the increase]. |
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Term
| The two labyrinths of the inner ear |
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Definition
1. Osseous (bony) labyrinth
2. Membranous (mushy) labyrinth |
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Term
| Fluid found in each labyrinth |
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Definition
Osseous Labyrinth: (in the scala tympani and scala vestibule) Perilymph
Membranous Labyrinth: (in the Scala Media or cochlear duct or endolymphatic duct) Endolymph |
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Term
| Two major functions of the inner ear |
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Definition
- changing mechanical waves to electrical waves (energy)
- balance |
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Term
| Sound enters the inner ear as a fluid wave. What form of energy exists when the sound wave exits the inner ear? |
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Definition
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Term
| What parts of the inner ear are responsible for balance? |
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Definition
| The semicircular canals, utricle, & saccule |
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Term
| What part of the inner ear is responsible for the transformation of energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sound can reach the inner ear by what two mechanisms? |
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Definition
| Air Conduction & Bone Conduction |
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Term
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Definition
| creating sound wave by moving molecules in the air, wave goes through the entire auditory system |
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Term
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Definition
| Sound travels by vibrations in the skull; able to stimulate the cochlea directly, bypassing external & internal ear |
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Term
| What are the two branches of the Auditory or 8th Nerve? |
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Definition
Cochlear Nerve
Vestibular Nerve |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Messages from the sense organ to the brain ae referred to as what? |
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Definition
| Ascending Fibers (afferent) |
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Term
| Messages from the brain to the sense organ are referred to as what? |
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Definition
| Descending Fibers (efferent) |
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Term
| Name three functions from the auditory portion of the brain. |
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Definition
| Auditory Memory, Mediating middle ear muscles, localization of the sound |
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Term
| Where do the Vestibular and Cochlear Nerves come from? |
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Definition
| The sensory organs (sensory cells of the semicircular canals, utricle, saccule) & end at the brainstem (pons, medulla) |
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Term
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Definition
| a cartilaginous flap, hanging at the sides of the skull; provides small increase in hearing sensitivity for humans (resonant characteristics); aids in localization |
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Term
| The External Auditory Canal or Meatus |
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Definition
-a horizontal tube-like structure
-it propagates the entering sound to the eardrum & discourages insects from entering the ear due to hair and wax
-cerum also keeps the ear from drying out
-shaped mostly oval and terminates at the eardrum (tympanic membrane)
-first third to half is cartilaginous
-the remainder is bony
-contains small stiff hairs (in cartilaginous)
-contains glands that secrete cerumen (wax) |
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Term
| Petrous Portion within the Temporal Bones |
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Definition
| houses the organs for hearing and equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| Inner Ear: changes energy from mechanical to electrochemical |
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Term
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Definition
| Middle Ear: makes up for the energy losses when entering the inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| Inner Ear: in Basilar Membrane, the sound makes it vibrate & responds differently to each frequency and sends that information to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain (Central Auditory System): puts information together |
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Term
| The Outer Ear consists of what? |
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Definition
- pinna (auricle)
- meatus (external auditory canal) |
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Term
| The Middle Ear consists of what? |
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Definition
- ear drum (tympanic membrane)
- cavity of the middle ear: ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
- footplate of the stapes
- round window
- two muscles: tensor tympani & stapedius muscles
- eustachian tube
- facial nerve (chorda tympani) |
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Term
| The Inner Ear consists of what? |
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Definition
- two labyrinths: osseous (bony) & membranous
- within membranous labyrinth: semicircular canals, utricle and saccule, and the cochlear duct
- Basilar Membrane: organ of Corti rests on it |
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Term
| The 8th Cranial Nerve consists of what? |
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Definition
- vestibular nerve: peripheral fibers
- cochlear nerve |
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Term
| What are conductive disorders? |
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Definition
| problems found in the external ear, the middle ear, or both; most are inflammatory disorders |
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Term
| What're the general characteristics of conductive disorders? |
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Definition
- otologic: pain, dicharge, bleeding, feeling of fullness/blockage
- audiologic: conductive hearing loss (air/bone gap), normal word recognition, abnormal tympanogram |
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Term
| Conductive Hearing Loss (air/bone gap) |
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Definition
| Hearing tested by air is abnormal, but hearing tested by bone is normal |
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Term
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Definition
A conductive disorder: acquired or congenital absence or malformation of an opening (the result of a pathology rather than a pathology in and of itself)
- etiology:
acquired-burns, injury
congenital-heriditary syndromes, drugs
- major concern: malformation may imply the possibility of malformations elsewhere in the auditory system |
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Term
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Definition
Objects or insects found in the ear canal
- most common in children
- treatment: removed by instrument and syringing |
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Term
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Definition
External ear canal infection (swimmer's ear)
- etiology: bacteria (most common) or fungus
- symptoms: itching, weeping, redness and discharge
- treatment:avoid water, use otic solution |
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Term
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Definition
| middle ear inflammatory disorder, infectious or non-infectious |
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Term
| What are the two types of Otitis Media? |
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Definition
| Non-infectious and Infectious |
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Term
| Describe Non-Infectious Otitis Media |
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Definition
non-infectious (serous or secretory):
- etiology: obstructed Eustachian tube, allergy, cold, upper respiratory disorder
- effusion (fluid): clear/yellow tinged, thick or thin
- treatment: control or remove cause
- symptoms: no pain, hearing loss |
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Term
| Describe Infectious Otitis Media |
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Definition
(suppurative or purulent):
- etiology: bacteria (strep, staph, etc.)
- effusion (fluid): colored, odorous
- symptoms: hearing loss, pain, fever
- treatments: antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
abnormal bone growth around the stapes footplate, resulting in its fixation to the cochlear capsule and may involve the cochlea
- etiology: inherited (most, not every case)
- characteristics: more common in women, first symptoms usually at 20-30 yrs, may be triggered by pregnancy, bilateral (both ears), progressive (get's worse over time)
- presentation: normal external ear canal and middle ear (not inflammatory)
- treatment: NO MEDICATION, surgery |
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Term
| What are some Surgical Procedures? |
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Definition
- mastoidectomy
- tympanoplasty
- myringotomy
- stapedectomy |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgical procedure to arrest a middle ear infection that is unresponsive to conventional medical therapy (scraping) |
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Term
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Definition
| A reconstructive middle ear surgery designed to restore function when the normal middle ear mechanics are interrupted by an ear disease (improve hearing function) |
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Term
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Definition
| An incision made to the eardrum (tympanic membrane) to allow equalization of air pressure (when there are problems with Eustachian Tube); Tube may be inserted in the eardrum to facilitate this process |
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Term
| What can infectious Otitis Media lead to? |
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Definition
Sensory Deprivation:
(example) a child having an ear infection that doesn't fix itself, they can't hear normally for months and ergo having sensory deprivation of sound |
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Term
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Definition
| a surgical process which removes the stapes and replaces it with a prosthetic device |
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Term
| What surgery is used to cure Otosclerosis? |
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Definition
Stapedectomy: removal of stapes and replacing it with a prosthetic device
- including a loss of hearing |
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Term
| What are sensorineural disorders? |
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Definition
| problems found in the cochlea, 8th cranial nerve, or both |
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Term
| What are the general characteristics of sensorineural disorders? |
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Definition
- tinnitus
- vertigo
- recruitment
- poor prognosis
- reduced word recognition
- high frequency hearing loss |
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Term
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Definition
| ringing in the ear(s), or other head noises (like roaring) |
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Term
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Definition
| dizziness or spinning sensation (balance mechanism) |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal growth in loudness compared with growth in intensity |
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Term
| What is the difference between loudness and intensity? |
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Definition
Loudness is perception
Intensity is measured in physical quantity |
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Term
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Definition
| Not going to get better, no surgery or medication |
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Term
| What is reduced word recognition? |
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Definition
| inability to understand at a comfortable level: made louder but can't understand |
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Term
| What is high frequency hearing loss? |
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Definition
| Damage to the base of the cochlea, where high frequency is most sensitive |
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Term
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Definition
Age related hearing loss:
- onset: 60-70 years old, progressive
- etiology: reduced hair cell function in the inner ear
- treatment: NONE
- major complaint: can hear, but has difficulty understanding |
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Term
| What is Menieres Disease? |
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Definition
A build-up of intracochlear pressure resulting in hearing loss (unusual)
- etiology: unknown, possibly autoimmune disorder, psychologic issues
- characteristics: unilateral hearing loss (one side), vertigo (spinning/dizzy), and tinnitus (ringing/roaring)
- treatment: dizziness medication and in extreme cases (destructive) surgery |
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Term
| What is destructive surgery? |
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Definition
| Goes into inner ear and kills labyrinth on the side that has menieres disease; take away hearing, but solves the dizziness/spinning |
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Term
| What is Noise induced hearing loss? |
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Definition
permanent or temporary hearing loss from noise exposure
- etiology: insult to the basal portion of the cochlea
- symptoms: high frequency hearing loss and tinnitus (ringing/roaring)
- treatment: hearing conservation |
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Term
| What is hearing conservation? |
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Definition
| Plan designed to preserve all normal hearing that remains |
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Term
| What are inherited disorders? |
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Definition
Hearing loss occuring from genetic factors
- etiology: most often associated with a syndrome found in family members
- patient management plan: seek appropriate medical and audiologic care and genetic counseling |
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Term
| What are acoustic tumors? |
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Definition
tumors occuring in the 8th cranial nerve, or the brainstem
- symptoms: unilateral (one side) hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing/roaring), vertigo (spinning/dizziness), and other neurological signs
- pathology: non-malignant (not cancerous)
- diagnosis: MRI
- treatment: surgery (gamma knife or conventional)
Both surgeries leave the patient with partial or total hearing loss; there are differences in treatments depending on age |
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Term
| What is conventional surgery? |
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Definition
| surgery which involves removing a tumor by cutting it out |
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Term
| What is gamma knife surgery? |
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Definition
| surgery which doesn't involve cutting; x-ray focus at the place of tumor and tries to kill cells |
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Term
| What are Central Auditory Disorders? |
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Definition
problems located between the brainstem and auditory cortex
- etiology: sound deprivation (resulting in delayed maturation of the central auditory system), insult or injury
- affected populations: most common in children and older adults
- management strategies: improve listening environments, amplification, central retraining and employing compensatory learning strategies |
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Term
| How is the brainstem compared with the auditory cortex in Central Auditory Disorders? |
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Definition
Brainstem: lower, less sophisticated, peripheral system: raising hand when you hear something
Auditory Cortex: higher, most sophisticated |
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Term
| What are the general characteristics of Central Auditory Disorders? |
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Definition
- possible peripheral hearing loss
- difficulty understanding speech messages under poor listening conditions and/or if the message has complexity and multiple components |
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Term
| What is an example of a complex condition? |
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Definition
| serially presenting information: series of information; listing steps) |
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Term
| What age should the central auditory system be fully developed by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of a cause of Central Auditory Disorders? |
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Definition
| - having an ear infection for a while and creating an inability to hear |
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Term
| What is a management strategy for Central Auditory Disorders? |
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Definition
| - reduce complexity of information: giving the information piece by piece and not serially |
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Term
| What's a degrading environment? |
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Definition
| contamination of sound from around a person (background noise); auditory and visual distraction |
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Term
| What is Non-Organic Hearing Loss? |
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Definition
| hearing loss with no organic base (non anatomical cause)
- etiology: psychologic (inventive), gain motive (ex: grades)
- symptoms: exaggerated listening behaviors and related affectations
- predisposing factors: motor vehicle accidents or other legal claims
- audiologic goal: determine the organic hearing while remaining non-accusatory |
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Term
| How does prematurity affect hearing? |
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Definition
- increased risk level rises dramatically
- hearing develops within the first trimester, so if there isn't a full term, the baby hasn't fully developed hearing |
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Term
| What are "red flag" signs of an 8th cranial nerve tumor? |
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Definition
- Asymmetric presentation (hearing loss)
- vertigo
- head aches
- tinnitus |
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Term
| What are the two parts of the cochlear? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
sensory cells
- inner hair cells
- outer hair cells |
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Term
| How many rows of inner hair cells are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many rows of outer hair cells are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the hair cells bathed in? |
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Definition
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Term
| About how many inner hair cells are there? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| About how many outer hair cells are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the vestibular mechanism complicated? |
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Definition
Because other organs besides the inner ear are involved
- cerebellum controls variety of interactions that bear on balance
- visual system: proprioception concerns somatosensory stimuli received in tissue and supporting structures like muscles and tendons |
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Term
| What do the stimuli in the somatosensory allow? |
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Definition
| the perception of body-part positioning |
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Term
| What does the cochlear duct look like? |
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Definition
| it is triangular and winds from a dilated end in the vestibule to a blind apex at the cupola of the cochlea |
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Term
| What is the most important physiological feature of the middle ear? |
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Definition
| Its role in the propagation and amplification of acoustic stimuli |
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Term
| What are the two ways the middle ear compensates for the loss of energy from the inner ear? |
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Definition
-lever action of the ossicles
-area difference between the oval window and tympanic membrane |
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Term
| What does the middle ear cavity contain? |
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Definition
-three bones: ossicles (incus, stapes, and malleus)
-two windows (oval window and round window) |
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Term
| What is below the oval window? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the purpose of the round window? |
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Definition
| It is complimentary to the oval window; the oval window propagates energy to the beginning part of the inner ear (inward movement) and outward movement occurs through the round window |
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Term
| Why does the round window make an outward movement? |
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Definition
| To accommodate the inner ear fluid movement |
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Term
| What are the two muscles in the middle ear? |
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Definition
| tensor tympani and stapedius |
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Term
| What do the muscles in the middle ear do? |
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Definition
| react to intense acoustic stimulation by contracting |
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Term
| What do the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles do? |
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Definition
| it draws back on the eardrum while the stapedius causes a rocking motion at the stapes |
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|
Term
| what is the purpose of the muscles in the middle ear? |
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Definition
| protect the ear from sound; but the muscles have limitations in protection |
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