Term
| What can be considered a lesion? |
|
Definition
-Bruise
-Tumor
-Wound
-Abrasion
So basically can abrasion,excoriation,scratch,scrape,slash,bite,laceration or sore |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the RVT when it comes to lesions? |
|
Definition
| A RVT must know how to collect samples from different lesions and how the proper terminology for charting |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 broad categories when it comes to lesions? |
|
Definition
-Erosive
-Surface
-Fistulous tract
-Generalized |
|
|
Term
| An erosion of skin or mucous (when its eating away at the tissue) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a decubitus ulcer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 7 examples of a surface lesion? |
|
Definition
-papule
-macule
-scale
-plaque
-patch
-crust
-wheal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small,raised skin lesions less than o.5 cm in diameter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flat,discolored lesion less than 1 cm in diameter (a change of color on the skin) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flake (often seen in older cats) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Solid, raised lesion greater than 0.5 cm in diameter (appears red with no white cap) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Localized skin color change greater than 1 cm in diameter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collection of dried sebum and cell debris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smooth,slightly raised swollen area that itches (looks like a bunch of bumps all over the dog) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What skin condition are boxers famous for giving people |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 examples of fluid filled lesions |
|
Definition
- Cyst
- Pustule
-Vesicle
-Bulla |
|
|
Term
| A closed sac or pouch containing fluid or semisolid material |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can a papule become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a small circumscribe (meaning it has well defined edges) elevation of skin containing pus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A circumscribed elevation of skin containing fluid that is less than 0.5 cm in diameter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can a vesicle be infectious? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fluid filled lesion should we look for in sheep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large vesicle that is greater than 0.5 cm in diameter (basically a large blister) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An open tract that often drains from one area to another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of fistulous tracts |
|
Definition
-tooth root abscess
-anal gland abscess |
|
|
Term
| Covering the body in general, not in one specific location |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of generalized lesions? |
|
Definition
- hives
- sometimes wheal
-flea bite dermatitis |
|
|
Term
| What two examples of dental lesions you can often see? |
|
Definition
1. Caries (cavities)
2. feline resorptive lesions |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 ways to acquire cytological samples? |
|
Definition
1. Discharge
2. Lesions
3. Fluid
4. organ samples |
|
|
Term
| What are some samples of techniques we use to collect samples? |
|
Definition
-scrapings
-swab
-impressions
-FNB (aspirate)
-FNB (non aspirate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which technique is this describing?
non invasive, can do on a live animal, cost effective |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do we use an impression technique? |
|
Definition
-ulcerative superficial lesions
-tissue collected during sx (surgery)
-exudative superficial lesions |
|
|
Term
| Before doing a impression what other technique should we do? |
|
Definition
| You should do a FNB first to acquire deeper cells |
|
|
Term
| What kind of cells is am impression technique best for and what cells do they often yield. |
|
Definition
| Impression techniques often yield inflammatory cells (sometimes bacterial or fungal). The impression technique is best for determining if a bacterial or fungal infection is present. |
|
|
Term
| Read how to do an impression technique on page 4 of your notebook |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is better Histology or cytology? |
|
Definition
| Histology is better because instead of seeing a group of cells you are seeing how the whole neighborhood interacts. |
|
|
Term
| Look up how to do a living sample superficial lesion (surgically excised sample) on page 5 of your notebook |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do we blot the sample when doing a living sample (superficial lesion) surgically excised sample? |
|
Definition
| We blot to prevent hemodilution (when blood is diluting your sample) |
|
|
Term
| What is scraping ideal for? |
|
Definition
| Scraping is ideal for flat,dry,superficial lesions |
|
|
Term
| Is scraping ideal for identification of neoplastic cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Look up scarping technique (page 6 of your note book) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You use oil when doing a scraping technique for parasites. Would you do this when scraping lesions? |
|
Definition
| You would not use oil when scarping for lesions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Swabs are used for areas that we cant stick a scalpel in. For an example fistulas, vaginal or the ear canal |
|
|
Term
| When would you use sterile swabs? |
|
Definition
| Used for CNS (culture and sensitivity) |
|
|
Term
| Why do we use 0.9% saline for swabbing? |
|
Definition
| it is more comfortable for the animal and helps prevent rupture of cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of FNB (fine needle biopsy) |
|
Definition
| Aspirate and non aspirate |
|
|
Term
| Aspirating cells into the needle itself, via negative pressure |
|
Definition
| Fine needle biopsy (aspirate) |
|
|
Term
| Cells move into the needle by movement (no VE (negative) pressure applied. |
|
Definition
| Fine needle biopsy ( non aspirate) |
|
|
Term
| When doing a FNB the rule of thumb is the ____ the tissue the ___ the needle gauge |
|
Definition
| The softer the tissue the smaller the needle gauge |
|
|
Term
| For doing a FNB if you had an unknown consistency of mass what kind of needle would you chose? |
|
Definition
| a 12 cc is a good choice for this situation |
|
|
Term
| read how to do a FNB (na) and FNB (a) on page 8 of your notebook |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do you do if you you are doing a FNB and peripheral blood? |
|
Definition
| If you see peripheral blood start again |
|
|
Term
| When doing a FNB how many samples should you take? |
|
Definition
| If the lesion size permits it take 2-3 samples to provide a representative sample |
|
|
Term
| What would you do if you are doing a FNB and you dont see any cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which slide preparation is the best technique for solid tissue samples/mixed samples and is ideal for when clumps are present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When doing the squash/sandwich slide technique should you be gentle or forceful |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which slide preparation technique is ideal for samples with low viscosity and can be used for liquid samples with low cellulararity |
|
Definition
| Blood/wedge slide preparation technique |
|
|
Term
| What is the ideal slide technique if you want to leave a thick layer of fluid around the cells or have a sample with mix consistency. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Look up the diagrams for the slide samples techniques |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do we use the tape technique? |
|
Definition
| Used for to gently collect superficial loose material |
|
|
Term
| What are the advantages and disadvantage to using tape? |
|
Definition
Advantages: easy, fast,non invasive and little preparation required
Disadvantages: hard to stain, samples often contain gross debris and secondary contaminate |
|
|
Term
| What can the tape technique be used for? |
|
Definition
| Can be used for looking for yeast or bacteria in the skin and even to identify parasites |
|
|
Term
| Which sampling technique usually requires sedation or anesthetic and sutures or samples |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sampling technique is this describing? Put the tool in and twist, this way you get a core sample. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are punch biopsy tools a one time use or multiple use |
|
Definition
| Usually are a one time use (tools are often disposable) |
|
|
Term
| Are centesis consider invasive and does it require sedation? |
|
Definition
| Centesis is considered invasive and you may need sedation depending of the procedure and state of the animal |
|
|
Term
| What are combing and toothbrush techniques used for? |
|
Definition
| Used for flea dirt or oral cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is used to isolate dermatophytes and is excellent to use when parasites are suspected |
|
|
Term
| What is the next step to take if an animal has chronic ear issues? |
|
Definition
| Send out a sample for culture and sensitivity |
|
|
Term
| If you are taking an ear sample should you wear gloves? |
|
Definition
| Yup! Many ear parasites are zoonotic |
|
|
Term
| Can you use sline slide for both ears? |
|
Definition
| For sure! Just make sure to indicate which sample belongs to which ear |
|
|
Term
| How would you fix cerumen to a slide and what is the benefit to this? |
|
Definition
| Cerumen can be fixed to the slide with heat. The benefit is that it melts it down so that you can see the cells easier. Also if you heat fix a sample you can directly go to step 2/3 of preparing a ear slide. |
|
|
Term
| Can you put tea tree oil in the ears of dogs? |
|
Definition
| You can not. This is super poisonous |
|
|
Term
| What is otitis exterma and what causes it? |
|
Definition
| Otitis exterma is overall inflammation of the outer ear. It is caused by allergies,parasites,foreign bodies,trauma,hormonal abnormalities,owner induced, hereditary or other immune issues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It starts in the inner ear and grows into the outer ear. It is a tumour. |
|
|
Term
| What is a symptom to look for that can indicate polyps? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you deal with Polyps? |
|
Definition
| Can be surgically removed but this has risk of damaging facial nerves |
|
|
Term
| What are normal epithelial cells you would see in ears? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do squamous cells appear in an ear sample? |
|
Definition
| Look similar to in urine but can be a nuclear, basophilic or clear |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria is okay to see in the ear |
|
Definition
| 1+ cocci os okay and occ-rare rods are okay |
|
|
Term
| What do you look at if you see bacteria in an ear sample? |
|
Definition
-look at number
-look at morphology
-look at neighborhood (do you see wbc's doing thier job) |
|
|
Term
| At what lens do you look at stained ear samples? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of 2 not normal things to see on an ear slide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the normal bacteria numbers for dogs in an ear sample |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the normal bacteria numbers for cats in an ear sample |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For reporting numbers of bacteria in an ear sample (on 100x) how would you report: rare to scattered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For reporting numbers of bacteria in an ear sample (on 100x) how would you report: many in every field |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For reporting numbers of bacteria in an ear sample (on 100x) how would you report: difficult to count |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For reporting numbers of bacteria in an ear sample (on 100x) how would you report: TMTC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of yeast is normal to see in the majority of ears |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal number of yeast seen in a dog ear sample |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal number of yeast seen in a cats ear sample |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the common WBC's you would see on an ear slide? |
|
Definition
| normally neutrophils and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 layers skin? |
|
Definition
1. Epidermis
2.Dermis
3.Hypodermis |
|
|
Term
| How many days are is skin turnover (when hair would grow back for a dog after shaving it) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are basal cells young or old? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are keratinocytes young or old? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skin cells that produce keratin (the tough fibrous waterproof protein that gives skin resiliency and strength) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These cells phagocize micro invaders |
|
|
Term
| Found in stratum spinous, may be involved in allergic and cell mediated immune responses in skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Found in stratum spinous, may be involved in allergic and cell mediated immune responses in skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell makes up 85% of the epidermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of keratinocytes? |
|
Definition
-protective
-antimicrobial
-immune response |
|
|
Term
| Why oral bacterial would we sometimes see due to licking? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Melanin (pigment) production. Looks like its covered in green,black or purple granules. Inject into keratinocytes and the pigment will spread around cells and absorb UV |
|
|
Term
| Were would you find Langerhan cells? |
|
Definition
| Sits inbetwen cells between layers,bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| What are cholesterol crystals? |
|
Definition
| -Crystals that dissolve as a slide was prepared/ Dissolution of keratin. |
|
|
Term
| Were would you see cholesterol crystals? |
|
Definition
| is common in sebaceous cysts or abdominal infusions |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of dermis (spindle cells) |
|
Definition
-fibroblasts
-macrophages
-mast cells
-hypodermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-wound healing
-collagen fibers
-fibrocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are mast cells a response to? |
|
Definition
| is an inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| What are mast cells granules made of? is made of histamine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When classifying what would you say if there is an absence of WBC's but presence of micro organisms |
|
Definition
| you would say that it is an infection |
|
|
Term
| When classifying what would you say if there is WBC's present? |
|
Definition
| You would say that it is an inflamation |
|
|
Term
| How would you classify an ear swab with revealed yeast? |
|
Definition
| it would be infection,mycotic |
|
|
Term
| How would you classify a swab that has revealed +++ bacteria (rods and cocci) |
|
Definition
| it would be infection septic |
|
|
Term
| How would you classify a swab of a skin fold that has revealed ++ bacteria and + yeast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 steps to classification of inflammation? |
|
Definition
1. identify the sample as inflammatory or infection
2.classify your sample into one of the 5 forms of inflammation
3.then sub classify |
|
|
Term
| When would it be an purulent inflamation? |
|
Definition
| This is when it would have more than 70% neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| Is a purulent infection acute or chronic? |
|
Definition
| its acute because it is the newest kind of inflammation (neutrophils usually only last 4 days) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause for a purulent inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When would you classify an inflammation as granulomatous? |
|
Definition
| When the cells are 50% or more macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Is a granulomatous inflammation chronic or acute? |
|
Definition
| it is chronic. Macrophages last longer than neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What can cause sudden granulomatous inflammation? |
|
Definition
-tissue necrosis
-mycobacterium so
- FIP |
|
|
Term
| What is granulomatous inflammations relation to FIP? |
|
Definition
| FIP uses the macrophages to further inflammation to replicate |
|
|
Term
| What is erythrophagocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is hemophagocytosis? |
|
Definition
| When a macrophage eats wbcs |
|
|
Term
| What cells would you see with a pyogranulomatous inflammation? |
|
Definition
| its a mixed inflamation so you would see a mix of neutrophils and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What % mix of neutrophils and macrophages would you see with a pyogranulomatous inflammation? |
|
Definition
| less than 70% neutrophils and 15-50% macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What two categories or inflammation can have the same sudden onset? |
|
Definition
| Granulomatous and pyogranulomatous inflammation can both have the same onsets (necrosis,myobacterium sp and FIP) |
|
|
Term
| What other cells can you often see with a pyogranulomatous inflammation? |
|
Definition
| you can see giant cells and epitheloid cells |
|
|
Term
| What % of eosinophils must be present for it to be considered an eosinophilic inflammation? |
|
Definition
| 10-20% of the cells must be eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| If a inflamation sample had 20% eosinophils and 75% neutrophils and 5% lymphocytes what would you classify this as? |
|
Definition
| You would classify it as an eosinophilic inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What often causes eosinophilic inflamation? |
|
Definition
| allergic reactions as well as parasite reactions |
|
|
Term
| What type of tumour should we look for when we see an eosinophilic inflammation? |
|
Definition
| we should look for mast cell tumours (these can cause eosinophilic inflamation) |
|
|
Term
| What condition with felines should you look for if the cat has eosinophilic inflammation? |
|
Definition
| look for eosinophilic granuloma complex (looks like a red crust often on thier upper lip) |
|
|
Term
| What % of lymphocytes must you see to classify it as a lymphocytic inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a lymphocytic inflammation chronic or acute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause sudden lymphocytic inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Can be causes by a vaccine reaction (fibrosarcoma) |
|
|
Term
| What samples is it common to see lymphocytic inflammation? |
|
Definition
| a vaccine reaction, abdominal effusions,plasma cells found in GI villi |
|
|
Term
| What two inflammations does step 3 of classification apply to? |
|
Definition
| Purulent and pyogranulomatous |
|
|
Term
| match the classification of degeneration: cell is breaking down and loses its shape and edventually the nucleus fades |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| match the classification of degeneration: when it becomes a small singular skrinken ball |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| match the classification of degeneration: is a nucular fragment, looks like the nucelus has become a bunch of tiny balls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is hypersegmentation a stage of degeneration? |
|
Definition
| No, its a normal stage of aging |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of an parasitic infection in an inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of an bacteria infection in an inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of an mycotic/fungal infection in an inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When monocytes go into the tissue they become... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How would neutrophils look in a sample? |
|
Definition
| Look like they do in blood except when the animal is sick. Then thier morphology changes |
|
|
Term
| Do neutrophils have a capacity for long term battle? |
|
Definition
| no, they usually only last 1-4 in the tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma cells are lymphocytes that have transported when meeting an antigen to release antibodies |
|
|
Term
| Where are plasma cells often seen? |
|
Definition
| Are often seen in the GI tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mott cells are plasma cells that are carrying immunoglobulin vesicles for release (is an immune response) |
|
|
Term
| What do mott cells look like? |
|
Definition
| They look like they are covered in bubbles. These bubbles are called russell bodies. |
|
|
Term
| How would you identify a plasma cell compared to a lymphocyte? |
|
Definition
| Plasma cells have a perinuclear clear zone and more cytoplasm then a lymphocyte |
|
|
Term
| How would you identify a macrophage? |
|
Definition
| Macrophages can take lots of shapes. They are large (can be 2X the size of a normal WBC), moderate amount of basophilic cytoplasm, nucleus is often oval,chromatin is lacy to condensed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They phagocytize bacteria (they are the second line of defense) |
|
|
Term
| If taken from the respiratory what appearance will macrophages take on? |
|
Definition
| they will take on a foamy appearance |
|
|
Term
| What other forms of macrophages may you see? |
|
Definition
| you may see epithelioid cells or giant cells |
|
|
Term
| You see a giant cell that looks reactive and has many nuceoli. What is this? |
|
Definition
| This is a giant inflammatory cell |
|
|
Term
| How would you identify a mesothelial cell? |
|
Definition
| These cells have a round nucleus, can be multinucleated but the most identifying feature is thier fringe |
|
|
Term
| What parts of the body do mesothelial cells line? |
|
Definition
| linings of the pleura,pericardial and abdominal |
|
|
Term
| Border can look like a drippy ice cream cone or look like 2 fried eggs stacked ontop of each other. What type of cell is this describing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can RBCs be part of the inflammatory response or can they be present as an artifact? |
|
Definition
| actually they can be both :) |
|
|
Term
| T/F erythrophagocytosis can indicate the length of the time the blood has been present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absence of color (often seen in abdominal fluid) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two things that can make up a granular background? |
|
Definition
-ruptured mast cells (free histamine granules)
-ruptured melanocytes (free melanin in the background) |
|
|
Term
| How long does proestrus last for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What behavioural signs would see in males and females in proestrus |
|
Definition
| Males will show interest but females will not receive |
|
|
Term
| What are physical signs the vagina will produce if the female is is proestrus |
|
Definition
| vulvar edema and blood discharge |
|
|
Term
| What gland releases the follicle which stimulates FSH to start follicle production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones will the ovary release? |
|
Definition
| estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
Term
| What hormone does the brain release to cause the follicle to burst and release the egg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When progesterone is released by the ovary what does it do? |
|
Definition
| it helps prepare the uterus for fetal development |
|
|
Term
| What hormone will you see increase in the proestrus stage? |
|
Definition
| You will see increased estrogen |
|
|
Term
| What stage will you see the LH (luteinizing hormone) surge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it important for an RVT to know when estrus occurs? |
|
Definition
| A RVT must know when estrus for breeding and spaying |
|
|
Term
| What hormone increases in estrus and what hormone decreases? |
|
Definition
| Estrogen decreases and progesterone increases |
|
|
Term
| What behaviour would a female show when they are in estrus? |
|
Definition
| the female will accept the male and +/- lordosis (the female presenting themselves to the male ) |
|
|
Term
| How long does estrus last for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What signs would the vagina show in he estrus stage |
|
Definition
| decreased vulvar edema and discharge is now more clear or straw colored |
|
|
Term
| What stage does pyometras usually occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does diestrus last for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone increases during diestrus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What behaviour will a female show when they are in diestrus? |
|
Definition
| they will no longer accept males |
|
|
Term
| What physical signs will a female show when they are in Diestrus? |
|
Definition
| they will produce very little discharge and it will be clear with little to no edema |
|
|
Term
| At what stage of estrus can you see pseudopregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do animals shed thier uterine lining? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does anestrus last? |
|
Definition
| Anestrus lasts a min of 4.5 months |
|
|
Term
| What hormone decreases would you see in anestrous? |
|
Definition
| a sharp decrease in progesterone |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of pyometra? |
|
Definition
-increased temp
-lethargic
-throwing up |
|
|
Term
| At what stage will the animal be pregnant? |
|
Definition
| they will be pregnant during diestrus |
|
|
Term
| A cat is showing odd behaviour such as wanting to be pet on the butt and being very vocal. What could this indicate? |
|
Definition
| This usually indicates that they are in estrous |
|
|
Term
What animals are short day breeders?
Short day is during the fall and winter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What animals are long day breeders?
Long day: Spring and Summer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seasonally polyestrous describes what domesticated species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does an equines estrus last for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone increases during the estrus period for an equine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does ovulation occur for a horse? |
|
Definition
| Ovulation occurs between the last 24-48 hrs of estrus |
|
|
Term
| How long does an equines diestrus last for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone increases during the diestrus period for a horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When will a mare become receptive to a stallion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why would we take a sample from a vagina? |
|
Definition
| to check for inflammation,pyometra and estrus |
|
|
Term
| Read how to collect a vaginal sample on page 36 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does PISA stand for?
Hint: these are cells you can see when examining a vaginal smear |
|
Definition
P: Parabasal
I: Intermediate
S: Superficial
A: Anuclear |
|
|
Term
What vaginal cell is this describing?
- small,round,oval cell
- uniform in shape
- young
- dominate in anestrus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What vaginal cell is this describing?
- cell is roughly twice the size of a parabasal cell
- nuclei is smaller
- is the first step in cell death
- is dominant in anestrus,proestrus and estrus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can intermediate cells appear? |
|
Definition
1: small: cell is starting to change shape, is less round
2: large: cell edges start to fold over,taking agranular, healthy nuclei,round, flatter cells |
|
|
Term
What vaginal cell is this describing?
-largest epithelial cell
-are dying but not dead yet
-stain poorly
-cell getting flatter,larger during death
-most abundant during estrus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What vaginal cell is this describing?
-the end of keratinization of parabasal cells
-the largest cell you will see on the slide
-no visible nucleus
-irregular cell edges (folded)
-most abundant in estrus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vaginal cells are the best to use in order to tell if an animal is in estrus? |
|
Definition
| Superficial cells and anuclear cells |
|
|
Term
| Which stage is it common to see RBC's? |
|
Definition
| It is common to see RBC's in proestrus since this is when the bloody discharge happens |
|
|
Term
What vaginal cell is this describing?
-large intermediate cells
-emperipolesis (just passing through dont often phagocytize)
-usually seen during diestrus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What vaginal cell is this describing?
-parabasal or intermediate cell with vacuolated cytoplasm
-seen in diestrus/anestrus
-rarely seen in proestrus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells will you see in:Proestrus |
|
Definition
-parabasals
-intermediate
-superficial
-early neutrophils
-RBCs (because of the bloody discharge) |
|
|
Term
| What cells will you see in: Estrus |
|
Definition
-greater than 90% superficial cells
-no neutrophils
-+/- RBC's
-+/- bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What cells will you see in: Diestrus |
|
Definition
-50% superficial cells
-50% parabasals
-intermediate cells |
|
|
Term
| What cells will you see in: Anestrus |
|
Definition
-parabasals
-intermediates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the formation of neoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. a tumor
2. any new and abnormal; growth,specifically one which the cell multiplication is uncontrolled |
|
|
Term
| T/F neoplasms may be benign or malignant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An unusual growth of cells that DO NOT destroy surrounding normal tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do benign cause damage if they dont destroy local tissue? |
|
Definition
| Benign tumors can impair tissue function by just thier presence |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a benign tumor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells that display uncontrolled growth are capable pf destroying local tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do malignant cells spread? |
|
Definition
| metastasis is how cancer cells spread from the site of the primary tumor to a secondary location |
|
|
Term
| If someone asks you 'are there mets' while looking at a radiograph what would this mean? |
|
Definition
| they are asking if there are signs of metastasis |
|
|
Term
| The lymph nodes and the lungs are common for what when it comes to tumors? |
|
Definition
| they are common places for tumors to metastasis to |
|
|
Term
| How would you define cancer? |
|
Definition
-uncontrolled growth of cells on or within the body
- other terms used for cancer include: tumor,mass,neoplasm and growth |
|
|
Term
| What can cancer also be refereed to as? |
|
Definition
| cancer can also be refereed to cells that would not normally be present |
|
|
Term
| How would you get a sample for a cutaneous tissue masses and lymph nodes if you are testing for cancer? |
|
Definition
| you would test with fine needle aspirate |
|
|
Term
| When would you do a bone marrow aspirate? |
|
Definition
| you would do this when blood cell abnormalities are seen in peripheral blood |
|
|
Term
| What would you do if an animal has multiple swollen lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
| try to take as many samples as possible if you can from the different lympth nodes. The largest one does not necessarily mean its the best one to sample |
|
|
Term
| What stain would you use if you are sampling from a mass cell tumour |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stains besides methylene vlue can we use to test for cancer samples? |
|
Definition
-Romanowsky
-wrights stain |
|
|
Term
| What is histopathology used for? |
|
Definition
| is used to develop a definitive diagnosis |
|
|
Term
| T/F when testing for cancer any mass that is removed should be submitted for histopathology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which will get you more immediate responses cytology or histopathology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f histopathology determines treatment and prognosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 kinds of neoplasia tumor types |
|
Definition
-epithelial cell
-round cell
-spindle cell |
|
|
Term
What kind of tumor is this describing?
General size: large
general cell shape: round to caudate
cellularity of aspirates: usually high
clumps or clusters: yes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What kind of tumor is this describing?
General size: small to medium
general cell shape: spindle to stellate
cellularity of aspirates: usually low
clumps or clusters:no |
|
Definition
| mesenchymal aka spindle cells |
|
|
Term
What kind of tumor is this describing?
General size: small to medium
general cell shape: round
cellularity of aspirates: usually high
clumps or clusters: no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cellularity of aspirates means? |
|
Definition
| how well they adhere to each other and exfoliate |
|
|
Term
| What parts of the body are involved with epithelial tumors |
|
Definition
| these tumors are incolved with the skin itself, glands or hair follicles |
|
|
Term
| How do epithelial tumors tend to look |
|
Definition
| tend to be round in shape and the cells attach to one another in sheets or in clumps |
|
|
Term
| what do the nuclei look like in epithelial tumors? |
|
Definition
| nuclei are round to oval in shape |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of epithelial tumors? |
|
Definition
-papillomas
-squamous cell cacinoma
-basal cells
-sweat gland tumors
-perionam tumors
-transitional cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| You see old epithelial cells which have not lost thier cytoplasm. What could this indicate? |
|
Definition
| this could indicate the sample is malignant |
|
|
Term
| You see a change of size with the nucleoli. What could this mean? |
|
Definition
| this could indicate the sample is malignant |
|
|
Term
| Were do mesenchymal tumors start ? |
|
Definition
| they start from cells that surround or support the skin such as fat,connective tissue,blood vessels and nerves |
|
|
Term
| Do the cells of mesenchymal tumors have well defined membranes or poorly defined membranes? |
|
Definition
| poorly defined (especially when compared to epithelial tumors) |
|
|
Term
| T/F mesenchymal tumors have cells that are not usually round, unlike epithelial or round cell tumors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of tumor would have spindle shaped cells (tapered at both ends), polygonal or dendritic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F mesenchymal tumors are often loose and not seen in sheets or clumps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of mesenchymal tumors |
|
Definition
-limpomas
-fibrosarcomas
-hemanjiosarcoma |
|
|
Term
| Were is it really common to have hemangiosarcomas? |
|
Definition
| on the spleen or anywhere a blood vessel is formed |
|
|
Term
| What are examples you would be seen round cell/discrete cell tumors? |
|
Definition
| -mast cell tumors,lymphoma,lymphosarcoma,histiocytomas,melanoma,plasmacytomas,histiocytic neoplastic,transmissible venereal tumors (CTVT) |
|
|
Term
| What would you classify melanoma as? |
|
Definition
| Melanoma is a shape shifter. Depending on what tissue they are developing in they will change thier appearance |
|
|
Term
| T/F mast cell tumors have a grading system in place for degree of malignancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would be a grade 1 for a mast cell tumors malignancy |
|
Definition
| well differentiated,generally well defined,superficial,low mitotic index |
|
|
Term
| What would be a grade 2 for a mast cell tumors malignancy |
|
Definition
| moderately well differentiated,moderate poorly circumscribed,mild to moderate onfiltrative into deep dermal tissue,moderate mitotic index,potential slight cytomorphological atypical |
|
|
Term
| What would be a grade 3 for a mast cell tumors malignancy |
|
Definition
| potentially poorly differentiated,poorly circumscribed,deep infiltration into subcutoneoyus tissue,potential high mitotic index,potential moderate cytomorphological atypical |
|
|
Term
| Why do veterinarians take fairly large margins around the lumps? |
|
Definition
| to make sure that there is no cancer cells hiding in the healthy parts of the area. It happens more then you would think |
|
|
Term
| What can you tell me about transmissible venereal tumours? |
|
Definition
| they are one of the oldest cancers of the world. It is also a transmissible cancer. The other cancer in this category is the devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) |
|
|
Term
| Were are transmissible venereal tumours are most often seen? |
|
Definition
| most often seen in tropical areas |
|
|
Term
| How do histiocytomas look compared to lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| histiocytomas look like lymphocytes but have more cytoplasm. They have a nice round purple nuclei and are uniform in size. |
|
|
Term
| Describe a histiocytic lesion |
|
Definition
| look like button (little flat but raised balls) |
|
|
Term
| Where are histiocytic lesions most commonly seen |
|
Definition
| are often seen on legs and abdomen |
|
|
Term
| What is the generalized form of histiocytic lesions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What problems do systemic histiocytosis create and what species do they most commonly affect |
|
Definition
| they create lesions inside in soft tissue all throughout the body. Common to bernese mountain dogs |
|
|
Term
| Do systemic histiocytosis cause pain? |
|
Definition
| systemic histiocytosis does cause pain (they eat away at the skin) |
|
|
Term
| What type of lesion can make a dog look like they are out of a cartoon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a naked nuclei mean? |
|
Definition
| means there is no cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Is a naked nuclei a diagnosis reference for neoplasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you do if your sample has a lot of naked nuclei? |
|
Definition
| you should make a new sample and double check. Naked nuclei can happen from rupture or improper handling |
|
|
Term
| What sample is it common to see many naked nuclei? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the prefix of tumours usually indicate? |
|
Definition
| they usually indicate the tissue of origin |
|
|
Term
| OSTEOsarcoma. The Osteo means? |
|
Definition
| that it is a tumor of the bone |
|
|
Term
| What does the suffix of tumours usually mean? |
|
Definition
| indicates whether they are benign or malignant |
|
|
Term
| What does the suffix oma mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FibroOMA: what does the oma part mean |
|
Definition
| means that is is a benign tumour of (fibro) fibrous connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What does the suffix sarcoma and carcinoma mean? |
|
Definition
| means that the tumor is malignant |
|
|
Term
| fibrbroSARCOMA: what does the the sarcoma mean? |
|
Definition
| the sarcoma means that it is a malignant tumor of (fibro) which means fibrous connective tissue |
|
|
Term
What tumor is this describing?
-epithelial cell tumours
-arises from epithelial tissue
-spreads through both lymphatic systems and blood stream
-regional lympth nodes and lung metastasis are common |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What tumor is this describing?
-spread throughout the blood stream
-lympth nodes metastasis is rare |
|
Definition
| sarcomas (mesenchymal/spindle cell tumours) |
|
|
Term
| Why do we do tumor tracking/grading? |
|
Definition
| helps to predict tumour behavior and prognosis |
|
|
Term
| How is tumor tracking/grading defined? |
|
Definition
| is defined as microscopically on histopathology |
|
|
Term
| What would a low grade be for tumor tracking/grading? |
|
Definition
| well differentiated tissue structure,slow cell division,minimal tissue invasion of normal tissue |
|
|
Term
| What would a high grade be for tumor tracking/grading? |
|
Definition
| undifferentiated tissue structure,rapid cell division (many mitotic fissures) and aggressive invasion of normal tissue |
|
|
Term
| How is staging of a tumor done? |
|
Definition
| is done by a vet according to the physical characteristics of the tumor and diagnostic test results |
|
|
Term
| Tumor staging uses the TNM system. What does TNM represent |
|
Definition
T= features of the tumor at the primary stage
N= regional lymph node involvement
M= metastasis |
|
|
Term
| What are early signs of cancer? |
|
Definition
-abnormal swelling that persists and grows
-sores that dont heal
-weight loss
-loss of appetite/difficulty eating or swallowing
-bleeding/discharge from body openings
-offensive odour
-persistent lameness/stiffness
-hesitation to exercise/loss of stamina
-difficulty urinating,breathing,defecating |
|
|
Term
| Look at criteria of malignancy on pg 55 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you always consider when looking at nuclear cytoplasm ratios? |
|
Definition
| do not look at the size difference but instead look at the ratio of the cytoplasm to nucleus |
|
|
Term
| When are nucleoli considered macronucleoli if they are greater than _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is similar to anisocytosis. It is a change of size and shape of the SAME cell type. This is a sign of chancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two nucleus molded on top of teach other (like a double egg yok) |
|
|
Term
| Can mitotic figures also be a sign of neoplasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Criteria of malignancy: Which is more reliable
a)prominent or multiple nucleoli (if numbers are not variable)
multinucleation displaying all nuclei as the same size
normal mitoses (seen in rare numbers in the same sample)
b) nucleoli are different sizes in the same cell
multinucleatia (the nuclei displaying anisocytosis
striking cellular anisokaryosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complete investigation of the respiratory systems involve more than cytology. They can also involve |
|
Definition
-x-rays
-endoscopy
-otoscopy (nasal,aural,oral)
-gross examination |
|
|
Term
| What are indications that we might need to take a sample from the nose? |
|
Definition
-nasal discharge
-patient discomfort
-changes in breath sounds
-visible masses or lesions on the nose |
|
|
Term
| When is it normal for cats to have serous discharge (clear discharge) coming out of thier noses? |
|
Definition
| It is normal to see when they are purring alot |
|
|
Term
| Do tumors and lesions always warrant sampling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of sampling techniques can we use when it comes to the nose? |
|
Definition
-biopsy (if visible masses)
-FNA/FNB (if visible masses)
-nasal flush/larvage
-swabs (limited but can be useful) |
|
|
Term
| What secondary issue can nasal discharge indicate? |
|
Definition
| It can indicated a tumor blocking a path |
|
|
Term
| What cytology will you expect to see in a nasal sample? |
|
Definition
-epithelial cells (squamous)
-bacteria
-basal epithelial (look like parabasals)
-ciliated columnar epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| From what part of the body can you expect to see ciliated columnar epithelial cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do ciliated columnar epithelial cells have a fringed border? |
|
Definition
| ciliated columnar epithelial cells have a fringed border in order to propel bacteria away (its a defensive technique) |
|
|
Term
| It it normal to find some bacteria in the nasal passageways? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is it normal to see fungal hypane in the nasal passageways? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fungal based organism can cause magior lung infection in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A dog owner from the georgian bay area brings in a hound who loves to sniff. The hound has a severe lung infection, skin lesions and even bone lesions. What is the most likely cause of this? |
|
Definition
| Blastomyces. This is a fungal based organism that dogs pick up by sniffing contaminated soil. It is common in the georgian bay area |
|
|
Term
| What are indications that you should take a sample from the pulmonary tract? |
|
Definition
-inflammation
-infection (parasitic,bacterial,fungal,yeast)
-allergies
-neoplasia
-foreign bodies |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 ways to collect samples from the pulmonary tract? |
|
Definition
1. Bronchoscopy
2. Tracheal wash technique
3.Bronchial brushes
4. FNA of masses |
|
|
Term
| Read the sections on pulmonary sampling in notebook pg60-61 and 65-66 and watch videos |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can a tracheal wash help differentiate? |
|
Definition
-infectious conditions
-hypersensitive reactions
-neoplastic conditions |
|
|
Term
| What are possible complications of the tracheal wash technique? |
|
Definition
-hemorrhage
-hypoxia
-subcutaneous emphysema |
|
|
Term
| What supplies are needed for a tracheal wash? |
|
Definition
-syringe (12CC) containing saline
-10-14 gauge catheter
-lavender top tube
-red top rube
-glass slides |
|
|
Term
Which tracheal wash technique would be better for a small dog?
Transcutaneous or endotracheal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind o tube do we use when sending out for culture and sensitivity? What about when we want to preserve the cytology? |
|
Definition
Red top tube= culture and sensitivity
Lavender top tub= preserving the cytology |
|
|
Term
| Can you do a quantitative count on a sample collected via tracheal wash? |
|
Definition
| no (since extra fluid has been added) |
|
|
Term
| What cells would you expect to see from a pulmonary tract sample? |
|
Definition
-ciliated and non ciliated epithelials
-neutrophils
-macrophages
-eosinophils
-lymphocytes
-mast cells |
|
|
Term
| Were are ciliated columnar cells most often seen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is more common to see a squamous with bacteria. The upper respiratory or the mouth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is inflammation a normal sighting in pulmonary samples? |
|
Definition
yes
p.s inflammation is common in chronic bronchitis |
|
|
Term
| How will macrophages from the respiratory tract look? |
|
Definition
| will look froafy and vaculated |
|
|
Term
| What kind of inflammation is common to see when an animal has asthma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can a moth eaten look to the lungs on a radiograph indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On a radiograph an animals stomach is full of air. What can this mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are indications we should take a sample from the mouth? |
|
Definition
-un usual smell
-discharge
-excessive drooling
-difficulties eating
-painful patient
-change in behavior
-excessive or unusual mouth movements |
|
|
Term
| What sampling techniques do we want to use for the mouth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells would you expect to see from a mouth sample? |
|
Definition
| -epithelial cells(squamous,columnar),fibrocytes (spindle,thin).fibroblasts,salivary glands,epithelial (cuboidal,columnar),bacterial |
|
|
Term
| What can swelling be caused by? |
|
Definition
| can be caused by: inflamation,infection,neoplasia,NNNi ect |
|
|
Term
| In what cause would it be common to see lymphocytes in a mouth sample? |
|
Definition
| if tonsils were part of the sample) |
|
|
