Term
| What percent of independent tests will be outside the normal range in the absence of disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the accreditation process by which an agency or organization uses predetermined standards to evaluate and recognize a program of study in an institution |
|
|
Term
| What does the College of American Pathologists (CAP) do? |
|
Definition
| advocates the interests of pathologists in federal and state legislative and regulatory arenas |
|
|
Term
| What is the objective of the clinical laboratory improvement amendment (CLIA)? |
|
Definition
| to ensure quality laboratory testing and to establish standards for all laboratory testing to ensure the accuracy, reliability and timeliness of patient test results, regardless of where they were preformed |
|
|
Term
| What is the criteria for a laboratory test to be classified as waived? |
|
Definition
| -test systems are simple laboratory examinations and procedures which: are cleared by FDA for home use, employ methodologies that are so simple and accurate as to render the likelihood of erroneous results negligible, or pose no reasonable risk of harm to the patient if the test is performed incorrectly |
|
|
Term
| What are non waived laboratory procedures? |
|
Definition
| tests of moderate complexity including the subcategory of PPM (provider performed microscopy) procedures, and tests of high complexity |
|
|
Term
| What should you never shake a blood collection tube? |
|
Definition
| blood cells can lyse and intracellular values, such as K, can be falsely elevated |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of accuracy? |
|
Definition
| when the test value approaches the absolute "true" value of the substance (analyte) being measured |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of precision? |
|
Definition
| repeated analysis on the same sample give similar results time and time again |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of sensitivity? |
|
Definition
| the ability of a test to correctly identify individuals who have a given disease or condition. For example, a certain test may have proven to be 90% sensitive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of a test to correctly exclude individuals who do not have a given disease or condition. For example, a certain test may have proven to be 90% specific |
|
|
Term
| What is a false negative? |
|
Definition
| result or finding which suggests that the dreaded disease is NOT there but which, on further investigation, such disease is/was, indeed, found to be present |
|
|
Term
| What is a false positive? |
|
Definition
| test result (such as a blood or finding) which suggests the presence of a disease which turns out to apparently not be there. But, another disorder may be found that explains the result. |
|
|
Term
| What are the normal reference rages for an adult/elderly male and female RBC count? |
|
Definition
male: 4.7-6.1
female: 4.2-5.4 |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal reference range for WBC in adults and children > 2 y/o |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal reference rage for hemoglobin in males and females? |
|
Definition
male= 14-18 g/dL or 8.7-11.2 mmol/L
female= 12-16 g/dL or 7.4-9.9 mmol/L
*slightly decreased in the elderly |
|
|
Term
| what is the average hematocrit for males and females? |
|
Definition
males= 42-52%
females= 37-47%
*slightly decreased in the elderly |
|
|
Term
| What is the average reference range for mean corpuscular volume (MCV)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the normal platelet reference range in the adult/elderly population? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the normal reference values for C-reactive protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal reference ranges for adults and children for blood urea nitrogen? |
|
Definition
adult= 10-20 mg/dL
children= 5-18 mg/dL
elderly may be slightly higher than adult |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal reference range for fasting glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal uric acid level in males and females in the blood? urine? |
|
Definition
blood: male= 4.0-8.5 mg/dL
female= 2.7-7.3 mg/dL
Urine: 250-750 mg/24 hr. |
|
|
Term
| Normal ranges for D-dimer test? |
|
Definition
| <250 ng/mL or <0.4 mcg/mL |
|
|
Term
| What is the average reticulocyte count for adults/children/elderly? |
|
Definition
0.5%-2%
this is a good test for classifying anemia |
|
|
Term
| What is the average troponin reference range for CI and CT? |
|
Definition
CT= < 0.1 ng/mL
CI= < 0.03 ng/mL |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the average reference range for CK in males and females? |
|
Definition
male= 55-170 units/L
female= 30-135 units/L |
|
|
Term
| What is the reference range for myoglobin the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of granulocytes in WBC and their function? |
|
Definition
-neutrophils= fight bacteria
-eosinophils= allergic reaction
-basophils= release histamine |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of a granulocytes in WBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What form of RBC does not have nuclei? |
|
Definition
| the mature form of RBC's do NOT have nuclei |
|
|
Term
| What is the watery, liquid part of the blood in which the RBCs, WBCs, and platelets are suspended and clotting factors are present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pale yellowish fluid which exudes from the clot formed in the coagulation of the blood; the liquid portion of the blood, after removal of the blood corpuscles and the fibrin; and where clotting factors have been consumed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acute lymphocytic leukemia |
|
Definition
| a rapidly progressing cancer of the blood in which too many immature (not fully formed) lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are found in the bone marrow, blood, spleen, liver, and other organs. |
|
|
Term
| acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) |
|
Definition
| a rapidly progressing cancer of the blood in which too many immature (not fully formed) granulocytes, a type of white blood cell, are found in the bone marrow and blood. |
|
|
Term
| allogeneic bone marrow transplantation |
|
Definition
| a procedure in which a person receives stem cells from a compatible donor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inherited blood disorder affecting the alpha chains of the hemoglobin molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood disorder caused by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a procedure in which blood is removed from a patient, certain fluid and cellular elements are removed, and the blood is then infused back into the patient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one type of anemia that occurs when the bone marrow produces too few of all three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. |
|
|
Term
| autologous bone marrow transplantation |
|
Definition
| a procedure in which a patient's own bone marrow is removed, treated with anticancer drugs or radiation, then returned to the patient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inherited blood disorder affecting the beta chains of the hemoglobin molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using the body's immune system to fight cancer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process that takes place in the laboratory to ensure that donated blood, or blood products, are safe before they are used in blood transfusions and other medical procedures. Blood banking includes typing the blood for transfusion and testing for infectious diseases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fluid part of blood that contains nutrients, glucose, proteins, minerals, enzymes, and other substances. |
|
|
Term
| bone marrow aspiration and biopsy |
|
Definition
| the marrow may be removed by aspiration or a needle biopsy under local anesthesia. In aspiration biopsy, a fluid specimen is removed from the bone marrow. In a needle biopsy, marrow cells (not fluid) are removed. These methods are often used together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatment with drugs to destroy cancer cells |
|
|
Term
| chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) |
|
Definition
| - a slowly progressing cancer of the blood in which too many lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are produced by the bone marrow and by organs of the lymph system. |
|
|
Term
| chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) |
|
Definition
| a slowly progressing cancer of the blood in which too many white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of x-rays and computer technology to produce cross-sectional images (often called slices), both horizontally and vertically, of the body. A CT scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than general x-rays. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a protein in the blood that is needed to form the blood clot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inherited mutation (change in a gene) in factor V which increases a person’s risk for venous thrombosis. |
|
|
Term
| glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) |
|
Definition
| a deficiency of an enzyme - G6PD - in red blood cells, causing hemolytic anemia. |
|
|
Term
| graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) |
|
Definition
| when the donor’s immune system acts against the recipient’s tissue, after transplantation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of white blood cell. The different types of granulocytes include: basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of producing and developing new blood cells. |
|
|
Term
| hemochromatosis (Also called iron overload disease. |
|
Definition
| a metabolic disorder that causes increased absorption of iron, which is deposited in the body tissues and organs. The iron accumulates in the body where it may become toxic and cause damage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one type of anemia in which the red blood cells are destroyed prematurely. |
|
|
Term
| hemophilia (Also called coagulation disorder) |
|
Definition
| an inherited bleeding disorder caused by low levels, or absence of, a blood protein that is essential for clotting; hemophilia A is caused by a lack of the blood clotting protein factor VIII; hemophilia B is caused by a deficiency of factor IX. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of lymphoma, a cancer in the lymphatic system; a rare disease, accounting for less than 1 percent of all cases of cancer in the US, and occurs most often in people between the ages of 15 and 34, and in people over age 55. Hodgkin's disease causes the cells in the lymphatic system to abnormally reproduce, eventually making the body less able to fight infection. Steady enlargement of lymph glands, spleen, and other lymphatic tissue occurs. |
|
|
Term
| idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura |
|
Definition
| a blood disorder characterized by an abnormal decrease in the number of blood platelets, which results in internal bleeding. There are two forms of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: acute thrombocytopenic purpura and chronic thrombocytopenic purpura. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most common type of anemia. It is characterized by a lack of iron in the blood, which is necessary to make hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a procedure to remove excess lymphocytes from the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cancer of the blood-forming tissue. Leukemic cells look different than normal cells and do not function properly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of leukemia in which the cancer develops in the lymphocytes (lymphoid cells). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the lymphatic system; white blood cells that fight infection and disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rare blood disorder caused by a deficiency of either folate (a B vitamin) or Vitamin B-12, resulting in an inadequate amount of red blood cells produced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of leukemia in which the cancer develops in the granulocytes or monocytes (myeloid cells). |
|
|
Term
| myeloproliferative disorders |
|
Definition
| - diseases in which the bone marrow produces too many of one of the three types of blood cells: red blood cells, which carry oxygen to all the tissues in the body; white blood cells, which fight infection; and platelets, which makes blood clot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of lymphoma, a cancer in the lymphatic system; causes the cells in the lymphatic system to abnormally reproduce, eventually causing tumors to grow. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells can also spread to other organs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of megaloblastic anemia in which the body does not absorb enough Vitamin B-12 from the digestive tract. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tiny red dots under the skin that are the result of very small bleeds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a procedure to remove extra platelets from the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells found in the blood that are needed to control bleeding; often used in the treatment of leukemia and other forms of cancer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most primitive, undeveloped blood cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood disorder where there is an increase in all blood cells, particularly red blood cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood disorder where there is an increase in all blood cells, particularly red blood cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inherited blood disorder characterized by defective hemoglobin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the blood cells that produce other blood cells. It is the stem cells that are needed in bone marrow transplantation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inherited blood disorder in which the chains of the hemoglobin (a type of protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the tissues) molecule are abnormal; alpha thalassemia is where a mutation occurs in the alpha chain, while beta thalassemia is where the mutation occurs in the beta chain; signs and symptoms of thalassemias vary from mild (little to no symptoms) to severe (life threatening). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excess clotting which obstructs veins (venous thrombosis) and arteries (arterial thrombosis). |
|
|
Term
| transferrin saturation test (TS) |
|
Definition
| a type of iron study (blood test) that measures the percentage of transferrin and other mobile, iron-binding proteins saturated with iron. |
|
|
Term
| ultrasound (Also called sonography.) |
|
Definition
| a diagnostic imaging technique which uses high-frequency sound waves and a computer to create images of blood vessels, tissues, and organs. Ultrasounds are used to view internal organs as they function, and to assess blood flow through various vessels. |
|
|
Term
| umbilical cord blood transplant |
|
Definition
| a procedure in which stem cells are taken from an umbilical cord immediately after delivery of an infant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood cells involved in the destruction of viruses, bacteria, and fungi. |
|
|
Term
| What are the normal values for CSF pressure, WBC count, protein, glucose? |
|
Definition
pressure= <20 cm H20
WBC count= 0-5 cells/microL
protein= 15-45 mg/dL (up to 70 in kids and elderly)
glucose= 50-75 mg/dL or 60-70% of blood glucose |
|
|
Term
| What is the average prothrombin time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
60-70 sec
-APTT= 30-40 sec |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
