Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is Alanine Aminotransferase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 things can affect a ALT test? |
|
Definition
| Hemolysis (increase), Lipemia (increase), and cephalosporins |
|
|
Term
| What can be indicated by a high ALT test? |
|
Definition
| Hepatocellular injury and septicemia |
|
|
Term
| How do corticosteroids and anticonvulsant medications affect a ALT test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a normal range for canine/feline ALT tests? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What do increased levels of ALT/SCPT indicate? |
|
Definition
| Liver disease, but not severity |
|
|
Term
| T/F ALT is the same thing as SGPT. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 4 things can affect a ALB test? |
|
Definition
| Hemolysis (increase), Lipemia (increase), bilirubin, and dehydration |
|
|
Term
| What 3 things can increased albumin indicate? |
|
Definition
| Immune-mediated diseases, infections, and neoplasia |
|
|
Term
| What do low levels of albumin indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a normal range for canine/feline ALB tests? |
|
Definition
| 2.3-4.3 g/dL & 2.6-4.0 g/dL |
|
|
Term
| What does ALKP stand for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Alkaline Phosphatase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 factors can affect ALKP tests? |
|
Definition
| Hemolysis (increase), Lipemia (increase), and steroids |
|
|
Term
| What 2 disease can a high ALKP test indicate? |
|
Definition
| ZBiliary system and cholestasis |
|
|
Term
| What will happen if a ALKP test is left out for 24 hours? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 anticoagulants should be avoided with ALKP and AMYL tests? |
|
Definition
| EDTA and oxalate anticoagulants |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is produced by bile stasis and is found in the liver and bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a normal range for canine/feline ALKP tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an increase of ALKP indicate in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cushings, pregnancy, and young animals can have increased levels of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does AMYL stand for? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 things can affect a AMYL test? |
|
Definition
| Hemolysis (increase), Lipemia (increase), and corticosteroids (decrease) |
|
|
Term
| What can increased levels of AMYL indicate? |
|
Definition
| Pancreatitis and Liver cancer |
|
|
Term
| What breaks down starches and glycogen in sugars? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a normal range for canine/feline AMYL tests? |
|
Definition
| 220-1500 U/L & 28-1500 U/L |
|
|
Term
| What does TBILI stand for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is bilirubin produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 factors affect the accuracy of results for TBILI? |
|
Definition
| Hemolysis and lipemia (increase) |
|
|
Term
| What can increased levels of TBILI indicate? |
|
Definition
| Jaundice and liver disease |
|
|
Term
| Whhat is a byproduct of hemaglobin breakdown? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is unconjugatedly bound to albumin and travels to the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conjugated what is secreted in bile? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a normal range for canine/feline TBILI tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do increased levels of conjugated TBILI indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of bilirubin is found in urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ do BUN affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 factors can affect the accuracy of a BUN test? |
|
Definition
| Hydration status (increase) and high protein diets (increase) |
|
|
Term
| What 2 things can a high BUN indicate? |
|
Definition
| Kidney disease/damage and congenitive heart failure |
|
|
Term
| What test requires 75% of kidneys to have failed before elevated results are noticed?? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What test must interpreted with SG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect do contaminants from urease-producing bacteria have on BUN tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a normal range for canine/feline BUN tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an elevated BUN with normal SG indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an elevated BUN with low SG indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does CHOL stand for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 things do cholesterol affect/are produced? |
|
Definition
| Thyroid, liver, and kidney |
|
|
Term
| What 2 things affect the accuracy of CHOL tests? |
|
Definition
| Hemolysis (increase) and corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| What 3 diseases are indicated by high CHOL test? |
|
Definition
| Hypothyroidism, pancreatitis, and kidney disease |
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|
Term
| What 2 anticoagulants can increase CHOL?? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is excreted in bile and is important for fat absorption from the intestines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What combines with protein to form lipoproteins, which transport triglycerides in blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a normal range on canine/feline CHOL tests? |
|
Definition
| 116-330 mg/dL & 50-175 mg/dL |
|
|
Term
| What's a steroid used to form sex and adrenal hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F CHOL is a good diagnostic test. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Creatine kinase (Creatine phosphokinase) |
|
|
Term
| What affects skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 factors can affect the accuracy of CK (CPK) tests? |
|
Definition
| Severe hemolysis (increase) and icterus sample (increase) |
|
|
Term
| What does an abnormal CK (CPK) test indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect do oxidizing agents have on CK (CPK) tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does sunlight exposure have on CK (CPK) tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a normal range on canine/feline CK (CPK) tests? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What test differentiates between AST liver vs muscle disorders? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does CREAT stand for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ does creatinine originate from? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydration status of patient, exercise can mildly increase, active muscle wasting can mildly increase, and meat diets can mildly increase levels on what test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can high CREAT levels indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a byproduct of energy stores in muscle? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is filtered by glomeruli, but is not reabsorbed so it provides an index of GFR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a normal range for canine/feline CREAT tests? |
|
Definition
| 0.5-1.7 mg/dL & 0.7-2.2 mg/dL |
|
|
Term
| What does decreased SG mean on a CREAT test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does high SG on CREAT tests indicate? |
|
Definition
| Prerenal or postrenal causes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase |
|
|
Term
| Where does GGT originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 things can affect the accuracy of a GGT test? |
|
Definition
| Lipemia (decreases), corticosteroids (increase), and anticonvulsants (increase) |
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|
Term
| Prolonged contact with erythrocytes can affect results in what tesst? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a normal range for canine/feline GGT tests? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What type of animals are GGT tests mainly used on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is lipase produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 things can affect the accuracy of GLU tests? |
|
Definition
| Stress and not separating serum from erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
| Where is glucose processed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can high GLU tests indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test can drop by 10% per hour if left on the erythrocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an energy source for all cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a normal range for canine/feline GLU tests? |
|
Definition
| 65-130 mg/dL & 58-125 mg/dL |
|
|
Term
| What's converted from ingested carbohydrates or synthesized from protein or hepatic glycogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 factors can affect the accuracy of LIP tests? |
|
Definition
| Lipemia (increase) and hemolysis |
|
|
Term
| What 2 diseases are indicated from increased lipase? |
|
Definition
| Pancreatitis and liver cancer |
|
|
Term
| What 2 anticoagulants should be avoided with LIP tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a normal range for canine/feline LIP tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What breaks down long-chain fatty acids of lipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect do corticosteroids have on LIP tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does PHOS stand for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ processes phosphorus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 things can affect the accuracy of PHOS tests? |
|
Definition
| Lipemia (increase) and hemolysis (increase) |
|
|
Term
| What can abnormal PHOS levels indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diet and not separating serum from erythrocytes can cause abnormal values on what test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a normal range for canine/feline PHOS tests? |
|
Definition
| 2.5-6.2 mg/dL & 2.5-7.3 mg/dL |
|
|
Term
| Increase in ____ = decrease in phosphorus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decrease in _____ = increase in phosphorus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 organs affect TP levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 things can affect the accuracy of TP? |
|
Definition
| Lipemia (incr.), hemolysis (incr.), and dehydration of sample (incr,) |
|
|
Term
| What can abnormal TP tests indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is made up of albumin and globulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The presence of what can raise TP levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a normal range for canine/feline TP tests? |
|
Definition
| 5.4-7.6 mg/dL & 2.5-7.3 mg/dL |
|
|
Term
| What's the only reason for an increase in albumin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What increase from antigenic stimulation and multiple myeloma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is uric acid processed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 factors can affect the accuracy of uric acid tests? |
|
Definition
| Post-prandial samples (increase) and toenail samples contaminated due to fecal urate (on birds) |
|
|
Term
| What does increased uric acid levels indicate? |
|
Definition
| Kidney disease (in birds & dalmations) |
|
|
Term
| What is the end product of amino acid breakdown? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is synthesized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a normal range for feline uric acid tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a normal range for canine uric acid tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transminase |
|
|
Term
| What 3 things can affect a SGPT test? |
|
Definition
| Hemolysis (increase), Lipemia (increase), and cephalosporins |
|
|
Term
| What can be indicated by a high SGPT test? |
|
Definition
| Hepatocellular injury and septicemia |
|
|
Term
| What's a normal range for canine/feline SGPT tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ are ALT/SGPT, ALB, ALKP, TBILI, CHOL, GGT, GLU, and TP tests used to detect problems with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ are AMYL, GLU, and LIP tests used to detect problems with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ are BUN, CHOL, CREAT, Uric Acid, and TP tests used to detect problems with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test can detect thyroid problems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test can detect problems with skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and brain tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's another name for reference range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are globulin levels calculated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 tests that test pancreatic function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An increased ALKP can be expected in what type of animal? |
|
Definition
| Young or pregnant animals |
|
|
Term
| What type of azotemia is caused by the inability to urinate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What the byproduct of the breakdown of hemaglobin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kidney value is much less affected by diet and protein catabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 types of samples? |
|
Definition
| CBC, Chemistry, Urine culture, cytology |
|
|
Term
| What's the primary purpose of cytology? |
|
Definition
| To differentiate between inflammation and neoplasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Observing cells in relation to neighboring cells |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 types of sample collection? |
|
Definition
| Swabs, scraping, inprint, biopsy, and centesis |
|
|
Term
| How would you collect an ear or vaginal cytology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would you use to collect mites or a biopsy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How would you collect scab samples? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you fix cells to a slide? |
|
Definition
| 95% methanol for 2-5 minutes |
|
|
Term
| What type of cytological stain does the organisma and cytoplasm stain well? |
|
Definition
| Romanowsky type (diff quick) |
|
|
Term
| What type of cytological stain is there excellent nuclear detail, but it's a time-intensive technique? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you tell if a neoplasia is malignant? |
|
Definition
| 3 or more types of abnormal nuclear configurations |
|
|
Term
| What is the variability of cell size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's variability in size and shape of same cell type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's another name for epithelial cell tumors? |
|
Definition
| Carcinoma or adenocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
| What's another name for mesenchymal cell tumor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 5 round-cell tumors? |
|
Definition
| Histiocytoma, lymphoma, mast cell tumors, venereal tumors, and melenoma |
|
|
Term
| What means cancerous: Fibroma or fibrosarcoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When would you see non-cornified cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stage do cornified cells increase by 10% a day and there may be some red blood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is there almost 100% cell cornification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When stage do cells decrease from 100% cornified to 50% cornified in one day? |
|
Definition
|
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