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| What are the two basic classes of cells of the Central Nervous System |
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| Anatomical and functional units for signal transmission |
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| supporting matix for the neurons |
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| Motor, Sensory, Interneurons |
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| What are the three basic types of neurons |
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| A region of the neuron where most of the synaptic input is received and thus contains the bulk of postsynaptic sites. |
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| tapering processes arising from the cell body |
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| formed by the nucleus and perickaryon |
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| Part of the neuron that is capable of significant protein synthesis and thus contains numerous free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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| part of neuron which forms the gray matter |
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| part of the neuron that receives a lot of synaptic contacts (post synaptic) |
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| each neuron has one, often very long, thin process that arises from the cell body. It is responsible for the generation and conduction of an action potential |
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| In the CNS bundles of what form white matter. |
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| the terminal end or swelling of an axon containing numerous small vesicles of neurotransmitter |
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| Forms the presynaptic element of the synaptic complex |
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| receptive zone(in-put), integrative zone(trigger), conducting zone, effector zone (out-put) |
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| Neurons can be categorized into 4 functional zones what are they |
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| Which functional zone is the area of cell membrane that receives the presynaptic terminals from other neurons, in other words postsynaptic membrane |
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| the very distal end surface of peripheral sensory neuron axon/the dendritic processes and cell soma/same as motor |
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| what makes up the receptive zone of a sensory neuron/motor neuron/interneuron |
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| integrative (“trigger”) zone |
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Definition
| functional area of membrane responsible for generation of AP |
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| the first node of Ranvier/the most proximal portion of the axon (the axon hillock)/same as interneuron |
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Definition
| integrative (“trigger”) zone is what in the sesory/interneurons/motor neurons |
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| The axon is what functional zone of the neron |
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| The persynaptic termainals are what functional zone of a neuron |
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| horns, nuclei / gray lamina, cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| In the CNS neurons are arranged mainly in clusters (ie) , or laminar pattens (ie) |
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| axon hillock/initial segment |
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Definition
| most proximal portion of axon – region of very high concentration voltage-gated ion channels – site where AP is generated (“trigger zone”) |
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| - the cell that generates the AP & that releases neurotransmitter is called the |
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| the cell that receives or binds to neurotransmitter is called the |
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| axo-somatic, axo-dendritic, or axo-axonal |
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| What are three types of synapses |
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| process of relase of neuro transmitters |
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Definition
| Action Potential is conducted down axon and reaches presynaptic terminal – there it results in opening of CA2+ channels – CA2+ flows (“influx”) into terminal – results in binding & fusion of vesicles with presynaptic membrane and release of neurotransmitter into synaptic “cleft” – neurotransmitter diffuses across cleft and binds with receptors on postsynaptic membrane |
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may open specific voltage-gated channels (which are tunnels thru the membrane) that only allow positively-charged ion (Na+ and K+) inside the cell - this results in “depolarization” (the inside of the cell more positive) of the postsynaptic cell - this is called an “excitatory” synapse because it makes it more likely the postsynaptic cell will generate an AP
Or
may open voltage-gated channels that allow negatively charged ions (Cl-) inside the cell, “hyperpolarizing” the cell, making it less likely it will generate an AP. This is called an “inhibitory” synapse |
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Definition
| what happens to the neurotransmitters once they have bound to the postsynaptic cleft |
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Definition
| opens specific voltage-gated channels (which are tunnels thru the membrane) that only allow positively-charged ion (Na+ and K+) inside the cell - this results in “depolarization” (the inside of the cell more positive) of the postsynaptic cell - |
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| open voltage-gated channels that allow negatively charged ions (Cl-) inside the cell, “hyperpolarizing” the cell, making it less likely it will generate an AP |
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| unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, multipolar |
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| What are 4 morphological types of neurons |
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| 1 process (an axon)-no dendrites (most found in invertebrates) |
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2 processes 1 axon and 1 dendrite(usually specialized sensory cell)
found in skin muscles joint etc |
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| starts as bipolar cell, but processes eventually migrate away from soma and fuse together (DRG) |
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| 1 axon and many dendrites(spinal motor neurons and interneurons) |
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| convey signals (action potentials) from periphery (receptors in skin or joints) to CNS |
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| what is the primary sensory neuron |
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| convey signals from CNS to muscles |
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| most common type- conveys signals from one neuron to another: |
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| two types of internuerons |
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| interneuron which sends its axon long distances(aka relay or projection interneurons |
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interneurons which sends their axon a short distance
(local interneurons) |
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| Receptive region, Integrative, conductile, output region |
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Definition
| What are the 4 functional domains of neurons |
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| the end of the peripheral process of DRG axon |
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Definition
| Where is the imput region of a DRG |
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Definition
| what type of depolarization occurs at the DRG's receptive region |
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| where are the receptor regions of motor and inter neurons found? |
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| what type of depolariztion occurs at the motor cells receptive region |
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| summation of many excitatory post synaptic potentials (epsp). |
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| a graded depolarization small, localized, slowly spreading depolarizations, that vary in strength (maybe weak or strong) of amplitude and duration- are localized- they “damper” out over distance |
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Definition
| where all the receptor or synaptic potentials summate - “trigger zone” (area where concentration of voltage-gated channels highest). Here is where, if all potentials are strong enough, the action potential (AP) is generated. |
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| 1st node of Ranvier (an unmyelinated part of the axon)/initial segment or axon hillock |
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Definition
| where are the integrative regions located on primary sensory neurons/motor neurons and interneurons |
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| where AP is carried or “propagated” away from the Input & Integration domains |
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| where anatomically is the conductlie region located on a neuron |
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| presynaptic terminal, the distal end of the axon |
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Definition
| where anatomically is the output region of a neuron located |
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Term
| fusion,neurotransmitter,postsynaptic |
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Definition
| when the AP reaches the terminal it results in the ______ of the vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane and release of ________ from vesicles into the synaptic cleft. Once the molecules in the cleft they can bind with receptors on the ____________ membrane. |
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| NO, others close channels, inhibiting or hyperpolarizing the postsynaptic cell |
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Definition
| Do all neurotransmitters open channels or depolarize the postsynaptic cell |
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| THe more AP's reach the terminal the more vesicles fuse and release more neurotransmitters is an exaple of what |
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| Restiing Membrane potential |
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Definition
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Definition
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| when the inside of the cell is more negative than the out (RMP) |
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Definition
| When is the cell thought to be polarized |
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| transport of charged-ions through membrane channels (transmembrane tunnels) and an active transport system. |
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Definition
| How is the steady state of RMP maintained |
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Term
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Definition
| what are tunnels that open up specifically following binding with certain chemicals, mechanical deformation, temperature or voltage changes in a neuron |
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| When a neuron depolarizes channels are selectively opened to allow more _____ in then ___ can get out. |
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Term
| graded depolarizaions and action potentials |
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Definition
| In what two ways can neurons depolarize themselves |
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Term
| small, localized, slowly spreading depolarizations, that vary in strength (maybe weak or strong) of amplitude and duration- are localized- they “damper” out over distance |
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Definition
| What are “graded-depolarizations |
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| receptor potentials, synaptic potentials |
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Definition
| What are graded depolarizations called in primary sensory neurons and motor neurons respectivly |
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Term
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Definition
| what are large, rapid changes in potential that occurs in an “all or nothing” manner – not graded- always same amplitude and duration of deplorization – are carried over very long distances |
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| non-neuronal cells that support and protect neurons. |
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| _______cells do not have axons or dendrites, nor do they make synapses or generate action potentials. |
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Definition
| There are two general classes of glia: |
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| are the smallest of the glial cells. Some act as phagocytes, cleaning up CNS debris following injury, most mediate the immune response in the brain. |
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| astrocytes and oligodendrocytes |
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| what are the two major types of macroglia in the CNS |
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| star-shaped non-neuronal cells |
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| There are two major types of astrocytes,________ (found only in gray matter)__________ (mostly in white matter) |
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| the function of these cells are to respond to local injury through increased mitosis (to increase their number) and hypertrophy (to increase there size), a process called scarring or gliosis. They clean up debris within the damaged area though a process known as phagocytosis (called “reactive astrocytes”) and isolate or “wall off” the damaged area. Gliosis is a prominent feature of many diseases of the CNS, INCLUDING MS IE SCLEROSIS AND STROKE |
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| principle function is to produce the myelin sheath in the CNS |
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| insulates axons from each other (allows more axons to stuffed closer together |
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| Each oligodendrocyte myelinates 1 portion (called an ___________ ___________ , each about 1mm in length) of 10-15 axons. |
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| What are the unmyelinated “gaps” in between each myelin segment |
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| The myelin sheath acts as insulation to decrease ion leakage and increase AP conduction velocity, through a process known as _________ __________ in which the AP jumps from node to node |
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| axon diameter (thicker axon = thicker myelin = faster AP conduction) |
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Definition
| AP speed of myelinated axons increases linearly with the________ ______ in other words |
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Definition
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| form one internodal segment of myelin around only one axon |
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Definition
| Major difference between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells is |
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Definition
| what cells make myelin in the PNS,aid in cleaning up PNS debris and guide the regrowth of PNS axons |
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| arrange themselves in a series of cylinders (tubes) that serves as a guide for sprouts of regenerating axons |
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Definition
| how do schwann cells aid in regrowth of nerves in the PNS |
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| If one of these sprouts encounters a cylinder the sprout will grow through the tube at the rate of __ __ per day |
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| what happens to nonproductive sprouts of neurons in the PNS |
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