Term
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Definition
| obstruction of tarsal (Meibonian) glands |
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Term
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Definition
| obstruction of ciliary (Moll) glands |
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Term
| Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) |
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Definition
| inflammation of conjunctiva, usually due to viral infection |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to protrude eyes and retract eyelids |
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Term
| Blockage of central retinal a. |
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Definition
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Term
| Blockage of central retinal v. |
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Definition
| slow and painless blindness |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to abducens n. (CN VI), inability to rotate eyeball laterally |
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Term
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Definition
| weakness of Muller's m. due to sympathetic n. damage |
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Term
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Definition
| harder, flatter lens with reduced focusing power |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of transparency of the lens |
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Term
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Definition
| hemorrhage into the anterior chamber of the eye due to blunt trauma of the eyeball |
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Term
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Definition
| blocked drainage of aqueous humor resulting in pressure buildup in the chambers of the eye |
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Term
| Vertebral artery dissection |
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Definition
| sudden severe nuchal pain and occipital headache, posterior fossa neurological symptoms, often due to spinal manipulation and secondary to minor trauma |
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Term
| Damage to CN IX (Glossopharyngeal) |
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Definition
| tested via gag reflex, decreased salvation and minor difficulty swallowing |
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Term
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Definition
| test via gag reflex, palate drop, uvula deviation away from affected side, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness of vocal cords |
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Term
| Damage to CN XI (Spinal Accessory) |
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Definition
| test by shrugging shoulders and tilting head against resistance, affects trapezius and sternocleidomastoid, difficulty abducting arm above horizontal, head tilted away from and facing affected side |
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Term
| Damage to CN XII (Hypoglossal) |
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Definition
| test by having stick tongue out, tongue deviates toward affected side, difficulty swallowing, slurred speech |
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Term
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Definition
| interruption of cervical chain, ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis, flushing, enophthalmos |
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Term
| Raynaud's Syndrome/Phenomenon |
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Definition
| vasospasm of the upper extremities causing necrosis of fingers, treated by sympathetectomy to allow vessels to dilate |
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Term
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Definition
| may be caused by hyperstimulation of vagus n. (CN X) due to infection of the middle ear |
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Term
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Definition
| endangers the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| fracture of posterior elements of C2 |
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Term
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Definition
| deviation of dens due to trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, or Down's Syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| most commonly occur at Kiesselbach's Plexus |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation or infection of the sinuses, may cause tooth pain (Maxillary) |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to ear due to intensity of sound, i.e. high intensity explosions |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to ear due to intensity of pressure, i.e. divers and flyers |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of function of tensor tympani or stapedius mm., resulting in an inability to dampen sounds |
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Term
| Otitis Media (middle ear infection) |
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Definition
| secondary infection from pharynx via auditory tube that can spread into mastoid air cells if untreated. Damage to chorda tympani n. leads to diminished taste (ant 2/3 tongue) and impaired hearing, rarely causes CN VII paralysis and meningitis |
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Term
| Piriform recess & Epiglottic valleculae |
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Definition
| common places where small objects can be lodged instead of swallowed |
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Term
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Definition
| enlarged pharyngeal and tubal tonsils, obstruction of auditory tube may cause infection to spread and result in hearing loss, obstruction of nasal pharynx can cause difficulty breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| sound waves are mechanically impeded from reaching inner ear, affected structures are located in external or middle ear, can be caused by cerumen (wax), perforation of tympanic membrane, otitis media, and otosclerosis (spongy bone growth) |
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Term
| Sensorineural hearing loss |
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Definition
| injury to sensory hair cells in organ of Corti, caused by trauma, drugs (antibiotics), infections, and aging |
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Term
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Definition
| separation between pigmented layer and receptor cell layer of retina, causes visual field deficits, caused by increased intraocular pressure, trauma, and vascular disease |
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Term
| Macular Degeneration (Dry) |
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Definition
| loss of central (macular) vision due to thickening of Bruch's membrane,loss of choroid capillaries, and atrophy of retinal pigmented epithelium |
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Term
| Macular Degeneration (Wet) |
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Definition
| loss of central (macular) vision due to neovascularization with fragile vessels that leak and hemorrhage to cause scarring and fibrosis |
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Term
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Definition
| often caused by medication side effects, inflammation after surgery, or soft tissue infection |
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Term
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Definition
| treated by per-oral intubation or tracheotamy, a pressing dilemma of ease of access to trachea versus damage to voice |
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Term
| Damage to External Laryngeal n. |
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Definition
| results in monotone due to paralysis of the cricothyroid m. (affects pitch) |
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Term
| Damage to Recurrent Laryngeal n. |
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Definition
| results in paralysis of all laryngeal muscles, leading to difficulty breathing and speaking, can be caused by tumor, surgical injury, aortic aneurysm (left), enlargement of heart (left), treated with an implant between conus elasticus and thyroid cartilage to permanently adduct vocal fold (medialization) |
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Term
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Definition
| main risk factor in smoking, causes dysphagia and dysphonia, can be treated by ablation, laser surgery, or laryngectomy. Scar tissue from treatment is less elastic and may cause dysphonia |
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Term
| Age-Related Changes in Larynx |
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Definition
| laryngeal cavity and cartilages increase in size, vocal folds thicken and lengthen, antero-posterior diameter doubles and pitch is lowered by an octave |
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Term
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Definition
| spherical cyst along anterior SCM, due to failure of cervical sinus to obliterate, fills with fluid and cellular debris |
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Term
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Definition
| opening from pharynx to lateral neck, due to persistant 2nd pharyngeal cleft and 2nd pharyngeal pouch, often drains saliva and can become infected |
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Term
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Definition
| cyst along thyroglossal duct, due to failure of thyroglossal duct to obliterate, usually swelling along midline of neck |
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Term
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Definition
| failure of neural crest cells to migrate from 1st pharyngeal arch, resulting in underdevelopment of mandible, cleft palate, and glossoptosis (posterior displacement of tongue) |
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Term
| Treacher-Collins Syndrome |
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Definition
| failure of neural crest cells to migrate from 1st pharyngeal arch, resulting in micrognathia, malformed ears, and drooping eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| thymic aplasia/absence of parathyroid glands, due to failure of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches from differentiating, resulting in immunological problems, hypocalcemia, micrognathia, and persistent truncus arteriosis |
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Term
| Temperomandibular Joint Dislocation |
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Definition
| mandibular condyle is positioned anterior to the articular tubercle of the temporal bone |
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Term
| Damage to Mandibular n. (CN V3) |
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Definition
| cannot clench jaw and difficulty chewing, open mouth will deviate towards affected side, jaw must be relocated inferiorly then posteriorly |
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Term
| Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block |
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Definition
| injected into inferior alveolar n. near entrance into mandibular foramen, often anesthetizes lingual n. also, care must be taken not to inject posteriorly into facial n. (CN VII) and cause paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
| aneuploidy of sex chromosomes (XO), resulting in short stature, webbed neck, lymphedema of hands and feet, underdeveloped or absent ovaries, normal to high IQ |
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Term
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Definition
| growth retardation, neurological dysfunction, mental retardation, craniofacial dysmorphisms (flat philtrum, thin upper lip), cardiac defects |
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Term
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Definition
| Penicillin, Heparin, Phenobarbitol |
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Term
| Congenital Rubella Syndrome |
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Definition
| Rubella infection in mother during pregnancy (prior to 20th week), eye/ear/heart anomalies, persistent truncus arteriosus, continuous machine murmur |
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