Term
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Definition
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Term
| Ecological isolation, pre or post? |
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Definition
| pre, live in different habitat or environmeny |
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Term
| temporal isolation, pre or post? |
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Definition
| pre, breed during different time periods |
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Term
| mechanical isolation, pre or post? |
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Definition
| pre, anatomical incompatible |
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Term
| behavioral isolation, pre or post? |
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Definition
| pre, different courtship rituals |
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Term
| gametic isolation, pre or post? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| hybrid invariability, pre or post? |
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Definition
| post, abort during development |
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Term
| hybrid sterility, pre or post? |
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Definition
| post, offspring are sterile, like mule |
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Term
| hybrid breakdown, pre or post? |
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Definition
| post, at first fertile then 2nd generation sterile...common in plants |
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Term
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Definition
| "other" gene flow blocked due to geographic barrier, the 2 species aren't in contact w/ eachother. ex. earthquake that changed course of mississippi, formation of island chains |
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Term
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Definition
| "together, within" species form w/ini home range of existing species. subpop becomes reproductively isolated from parent pop due to small change in ecological separation; common in plants which can double # of chromosome, polyploidy |
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Term
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Definition
| "near" occurs at a boundary between 2 pops. at this zone of contact hybrid form, ex. 2 species adapted to different soils meet and new species forms along zone where soil changes |
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Term
| what does branch in tree represent? |
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Definition
| line of decent from a common ancestor |
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Term
| what does branch point represent? |
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Definition
| time of divergence in microevolution |
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Term
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Definition
| periods of no change followed by periods punctuated by massive change |
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Term
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Definition
| burst of divergences from a single line |
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Term
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Definition
| technique to determine the age of fossils relative to other fossils in different layers of rock |
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Term
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Definition
| rocks are made of elements, some radioactive, radioactive elements decay into nonradioactive elements at steady rate. think half life |
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Term
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Definition
| the measurement for decay, length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay (THINK ABSOLUTE DATING) |
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Term
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Definition
| evolutionary history of a species |
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Term
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Definition
| morphology changes from common ancestor; ex. forelimbs of organisms & homologous structures |
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Term
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Definition
| independent evolution of body structure. different structure but similar function...do NOT share common ancestor. analogous structures. ex. wing of insect v wing of bat |
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Term
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Definition
| molecular clocks, DNA comparison (compare nucleotide sequence) protein comparison (compare amino acids) ex. cytochrome c |
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Term
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Definition
| distribution of species in the world; continental drift (pangea), climate (ice age), extinction, (iridium rare on earth, common in meteorites) |
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Term
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Definition
| unicellular prokaryotes; some autotrophic (chemosynthesis) others heterotrophic. live in harsh environments, include chemosynthetic bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| monera, eu=true. unicellular prokaryotes, most are bacteria (germs) both auto and heterotroph. |
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Term
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Definition
| include unicellular and a few multicellular eukaryotes. include amoebas |
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Term
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Definition
| eukaryotes, most multicellular. cell walls made out of chitin. heterotrophic and obtain nutrients by releasing digestic enzymes into food source. they act as either decomposers or as parasites; ex. molds and mushrooms |
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Term
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Definition
| archaea, bacteria, eukaryota. new system sequences of rDNA to determine common ancestry |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleic acid, protein coat (capsid), host specific: virus can only infect cells that have receptor site for viral protection (cold virus infects mucous membrane) |
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Term
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Definition
| attachment, penetration/uncoating, synthesis of viral components, assembly of viral components, release of progeny virons (lysis) |
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Term
| pathogen and examples of viruses |
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Definition
| infectious disease causing agent, ex. small pox, ebola, hiv turns into aids (retrovirus), |
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Term
| are viruses alive? how does it survive? |
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Definition
| NO not alive, survives by requiring host to perform every biological function necessary, obligates intracellular parasites |
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Term
| 3 basic shapes of prokaryotes |
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Definition
coccus-spherical
bacillus-rod
spirillum-spiral |
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Term
| 3 types of prokaryotic growth |
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Definition
diplo-pairs
strepto-chains
staphlo-clusters |
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Term
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Definition
| crystal violet added, iodine binds dye to cell, acetone for decolorization; purple retain for gram positive, removed for gram negative |
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Term
| what is safranin? what does it do? |
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Definition
| it's a counterstain, stains gram- red, caused by difference in structure of cell wall. gram+ contains peptidoglycan. makes susceptivle to antibiotics/lysozymes, gram- contains lipopolysaccharide |
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Term
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Definition
photoautotrophs-cynobacteria (bluegreen algae), undergo photosynthesis, can be anaerobic, aerobic or faculative (either way o2 gained)
chemoheterotrophs-feed on others; beneficial (ex azospirillum-nitrogen fixing) or pathogens which cause disease like botulism, paralyzes diaphragm |
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Term
| 3 types of archaebacteria |
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Definition
thermophiles-heat lovers
halophiles-salt lovers
methanogens-methane makers (anaerobic) |
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Term
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Definition
| close permamenant association between organisms of a different species (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism) |
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Term
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Definition
ex. amoeba
shape-variable, habitat-free living & parasitic, moves-pseudopods, aquires oxygen & rids of wastes w/ diffusion
aquires food-phagocytosis, type of food eaten-host of parasite or unicellular organisms, how it digests food-vacuole
regulates water-contractile vacuole
reproduces-binary fission, -can form cysts, amoebic dysentery |
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Term
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Definition
ex. paramecium
shape-oval, habitat-free living, locomotion-cilia, gets oxygen & rids wastes-diffusion, how it gets food-forms food vacuoles around food taken in at oral groove, type of food eaten-unicellular organisms, how it digests food-food vacuole, regulates water-contractile vacuole, reproduces-binary fission & conjugation
-surrounded by pellicle |
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Term
| Mastigophora (Zoomastigina) |
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Definition
ex. trypanosoma; blood parasite causes african sleeping sickness & invades nervous system, shape-elongated, habitat-free living & parasitic, locomotion- flagella, gets oxygen & rids
of wastes-diffusion, gets food-absorption, foods eaten-unicellular organisms or host of parasite, digests food-cytoplasm, regulates water-diffusion, reproduces-binary fission
-undulating membrane |
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Term
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Definition
ex. toxoplasma gondii (sex cat, asex human) it causes birth defects
ex. plasmodium (malaria) vector is female anopheles mosquito
-Intracellular parasites
-alternate between sex/asex reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
-golden algae
-pigment fucoxanthin masks chlorophyll
-free living
-includes diatoms which have silicon shell |
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Term
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Definition
-phaeophyta: brown algae ex. giant kelp
-rhodophyta: red algae pigment phycobilians, ex. phytoplankton
-green algae, chlorophlyda ancestors of green plants and are unicellular and colonial; MAKE CELLULOSE AND CHLOROPHYLL |
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Term
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Definition
| are algae w/ ray feet, most plankton in this group |
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Term
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Definition
| algae, have 2 flagella. red tide is toxic bloom |
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