Term
|
Definition
| Crimes not known to police cannot be measured |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A systematic attempt to test a causal hypothesis between the ind. variable and the dep. variable |
|
|
Term
| Three Components of an Experiment |
|
Definition
1. Ind. and Dep. Variables
2. Pre and Post Testing
3. Experimental and Control Groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Experiment causes effects in and of itself (Placebo Effect) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neither the researcher nor the participants know which group is which |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The control group represents what the experiment group would look like if it was not exposed to ind. variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Historical events that happen during the experiment confound the results |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Testing and retesting influences people's behaviors. They put what they think we want, figure out true purpose of study |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If different measures for pre and post testing are used |
|
|
Term
| Statistical Regression Validity |
|
Definition
| Occurs when researchers are studying cases with extreme scores on some variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Threat to validity- selecting volunteers as sample |
|
|
Term
| Experimental Mortality/Attrition |
|
Definition
| Subjects drop out of an experiment before it is completed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ambiguity about time order of ind. and dep. stimuli. Dep. actually causes changes |
|
|
Term
| Diffusion or Imitation of Treatments |
|
Definition
| When participants from the different groups are able to communicate, may pass on info/aspects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When experiment group is receiving something good that control group is not, researchers may compensate for that |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Subjects deprived of experimental stimulus compensate by working harder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Feelings of deprivation among control group that results in subjects giving up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When random selection is not possible |
|
|
Term
| Nonequivalent Groups Design |
|
Definition
| Make control and experimental groups as comparable as possible. Match on race, age, gender, SES |
|
|
Term
| Simple Interrupted Time Series |
|
Definition
| Observe before and after introducing an experimental treatment |
|
|
Term
| Interrupted Time Series with Nonequivalent Comparison Group |
|
Definition
| Introduce treatment to two nonequivalent groups (Sobriety checkpoints in GA and TN) |
|
|
Term
| Interrupted Time Series with Removed Treatment |
|
Definition
| Introduce and then remove a treatment |
|
|
Term
| Interrupted Time Series with Switching Replications |
|
Definition
| Checkpoints begin in GA in May, and in June in TN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many cases are examined to understand a small # of variables |
|
|
Term
| Variable-Oriented Research |
|
Definition
| Large # of variables are studied from a small # of cases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Value for a given variable in a pop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Summary description of a given variable in a sample |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| List of elements/target pop. in our population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How sample statistics will be dispersed or clustered around a pop parameter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Range of values that includes a pop parameter (between 40% and 60%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Estimated probability that a parameter is within a specified confidence interval |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Select every 10th element for a sample |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Select appropriate #s from homogeneous subsets |
|
|
Term
| Disproportionate Stratified Sampling |
|
Definition
| Samples not representative of a pop. on some variable. Large sample must be drawn to have adequate number of elements that exhibit unusual condition |
|
|
Term
| Multistage Cluster Sampling |
|
Definition
| Used when sampling frames are not available but elements are already grouped into subpopulations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Probability that an element will be included in a sample is not known |
|
|
Term
| Purposive or Judgmental Sampling |
|
Definition
| Select a sample based on our judgment and purpose of the study |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focuses on detailed and accurate description rather than explanation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Researcher lets people see them only as a participant, not as a researcher |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Participates with the group but is known to be the researcher |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Identifies as the researcher and interacts, but no pretense of being a participant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Observes and does not become part of it in any way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Based on a set of topics to be discussed in depth rather than using standardized questions |
|
|
Term
| Gaining Access to CJ Officials |
|
Definition
1. Sponsor
2. Letter
3. Phone Call
4. Meeting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Systematic study of messages and meaning of those messages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two people code the same message |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Data collected by other researchers used to address new research questions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Certain questions only relevant to some of the respondents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Utilize when we want to ask several questions that have the same set of answers (Likert scale) |
|
|
