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| Began in the 4th century C.E., when the Romans set up their eastern capital in Constantinople |
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| was responsible for the Balkan peninsula, the northern Middle East, the Mediterranean coast , and North Africa |
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| considered inferior and barbaric |
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| became official language under Emperor Justinian in the 6th century. |
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| complex administration around a remote emperor, who was surrounded by elaborate ceremonies. |
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| in 533 C.E. tried to reconquer western territory in an attempt to restore an empire like that of Rome |
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| was somber, autocratic, and prone to grandiose ideas; heavily influenced by wife Theodora. |
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| Justinian described by Procopius |
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| "at once villainous and amenable; as people say colloquially, a moron. he was never truthful with anyone, but always guileful in what he said and did, yet easily hoodwinked by any who wanted to deceive him." |
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| Justinian's positive contributions to the Byzantine Empire |
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| rebuilding Constantinople and systematizing the Roman legal code. |
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| built under Justinian. It was an achievement in engineering and architecture, for no one had been able to build the supports needed for the dome. |
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| Unified law under Justinian |
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| Reduced confusion, united and organized the new empire. Updated by later emperors, it ultimately helped spread Roman legal principles in various parts of Europe. |
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| General in Justinian's military. Made new gains in north Africa and Italy |
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| Temporary capital for Justinian's military. A key artistic center it was embellished by some of the most beautiful Christian mosaics known anywhere in the world. |
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| Justinian's westward ambitions |
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| weakened the empire, created new tax pressures, and contributed to Justinian's death in 565 C.E. |
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| Military of Justinian's successors |
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| Persian successes were reversed in the 7th century and the population was forcibly reconverted to Christianity. |
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| a petroleum, quicklime, and sulfar mixture. Helped Byzantine's defeat Arab's against siege of capital in 717-718 C.E. |
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| Economic results of frequent wars with Muslims on Byzantine Empire |
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| (1)Position of small farmers weakened by invasions and taxation. (2)Greater aristocratic estates and new power for aristocratic generals. (3)The free rural population was forced into greater dependence. (4) Emphasis was given to organizing the army and navy. |
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| Basil II aka Bulgaroktonos |
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| 11th century Byzantine emperor. He used the empire's wealth to bribe Bulgarian nobles and generals. Defeated Bulgarian army in 1014. |
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| Emperor of Byzantine empire |
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| Held to be ordained by God, head of church as well as state. He appointed church bishops and passed religious and secular laws. Women could hold the throne while maintaining ceremonial power of the office. |
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| Arose in the 8th century when a new emperor attacked the use of religious images in worship. Protesting monks briefly threatened a split between church and state. After a long battle the use of icons was gradually restored. |
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| The split between East and West |
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| Break between Eastern and Western version of Christianity. Occurred at the end of Byzantium's period of greatest glory. |
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| Christianity in the Byzantine Empire |
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| Acknowledged the pope, but papal directives had no hold in Byzantine church. Eastern Orthodox priests could marry. |
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| Turkish troops in the late 11th century. Seized almost all the Asiatic provinces of Byzantine Empire. This cut off most prosperous source of tax revenue and food from the empire. |
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| Lost by Byzantine Empire in 1071, the empire never recovered. |
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| Motivation of Western Crusades to the Holy Land |
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| Byzantine emperors appealed for help from Western leaders when new Slavic kingdoms were created in the Balkans. The requests were ignored. |
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| Set up to conquer the Holy Land from Muslims. Led by greedy Venetian merchants, they conquered Constantinople. |
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| Constantinople fell in 1453 to a Turkish sultan. By 1461 the Turks conquered the rest of the Byzantine Empire. |
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| Missionaries sent by the Byzantine government in 864. |
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| Written script of Slavic language. Derived from Greek letters. Created by Cyril and Methodius. |
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| The East Central Borderlands |
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| Czech area, Hungary, and Poland. An area of competition between Eastern and Western political and intellectual models. |
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| Politics of Central Borderlands |
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| Organized in a series of regional monarchies, loosely governed amid a powerful, land-owning aristocracy. |
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| Judaism in Eastern Europe |
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| Eastern Europe received an influx of Jews, who were migrating away from the Middle East and intolerance in western Europe. Poland gained the largest single concentration of Jews. |
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| Political organization rested in family tribes and villages. They maintained an animist religion with gods for the sun, thunder, wind, and fire. Had a tradition of folk music and oral legends. They developed some very loose regional kingdoms. |
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| City that lay along the trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople. |
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| A native of Denmark, he became the first prince of Kievan Rus about 855 C.E. |
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| A Rurik descendant, he ruled from 980 to 1015. Converted to Christianity not only in his own name but on behalf of all his people. |
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| developed after Russia converted to Christianity |
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| it was the largest single state in Europe, though highly decentralized. They issued a formal law code |
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| last of the great Kievan princes. he issued the legal codification while building many churches and arranging the translation of religious literature from Greek to Slavic. |
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| Institutions and Culture in Kievan Rus' |
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| Borrowed from Byzantium, ceremonies and luxury; concept that a central ruler should have wide powers; churches were ornate and filled with icons; monastic movement stressed prayer and charity; polygamy yielded to monogamy. |
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| Described religious and royal events showering praise on the saints and the power of God; disasters were expressions of the just wrath of God; success in war came from the aid of God and the saints |
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| Focused on the religious. Churches were built in the form of a cross surmounted by a dome |
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| Russian aristocrats, they had less political power than their counterparts in western Europe |
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| Began to fade in the 12th century: the royal family squabbled over succession to the throne, invaders from Asia whittled at Russian territory, decline of Byzantium reduced Russian trade and wealth |
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| Mongols from central Asia that moved through Russia. |
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| Russian literature languished, trade lapsed, commerce of the Kievan period never returned. |
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| adapted as an accepted term for Russian peasants |
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