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| White southerners who joined blacks and carpetbaggers in Republican Party. Viewed as traitors by most southerners. |
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| To withdraw from the Union. 11 states seceded to form Confederate States of America (CSA). States’ rights view of constitution. Concept was based on 10th amendment; states have reserved powers that Union cannot violate. South believed they could win their independence by fighting a defensive war and getting help from Europe. |
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| Unfair economic system replaced slavery in South. Planters own land; farmers shared the crop profits with landowner; sharecroppers always in debt. |
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| Total warpath of destruction throughout the South. |
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| Sherman’s March to the Sea |
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| Attempt to win by destroying South’s will and capacity to fight. |
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| Before Civil War southern state laws regulated what a slave could and couldn’t do. Example: It was illegal to teach a slave to read. |
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| After Reconstruction control by Democratic Planters. Solid Democratic party support by the South. Lasts until the 1960’s. Many still blamed war and Reconstruction on Republicans |
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| Radical Republican. Pushed Reconstruction plans |
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| Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852. Book helped North see slavery was morally wrong, leading to war. Increased sectionalism. |
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| 1856. Brooks beat Sumner in Congress. Shows split in North and South. Sumner was abolitionist. |
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| Similar to sharecropping except able to rent land up front; better off. |
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| Used to impeach Andrew Johnson when he fired Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, a radical Republican. The law was probably an unconstitutional violation of checks and balances and separation of powers. |
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| Corrupt tax collections in Grant administration. Cheated government of millions. Led to calls for reform in Spoils System. |
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| Key figure on Underground Railroad; targeted by Fugitive Slave Act. |
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| See Harriet Beecher Stowe. |
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| Secret escape route of slaves to North before Civil War |
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| Turning point of the Civil War: on Mississippi River July 1863. Falls into Union hands; Grant wins. Union now controls Mississippi River and divides the South. |
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| Suspended by Lincoln in Civil War, giving him the authority to arrest, without trial, any suspected southern sympathizers in the North. May have violated the Constitution. Example of Lincoln’s expansion of presidential power. |
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