Term
| transport O2/CO2 & nutrients/metabolic waste |
|
Definition
| primary function of the circulatory system |
|
|
Term
1)thermoregulation
2)transport of immune cells (WBC's)
3)transport of hormones |
|
Definition
| secondary functions of the circulatory system |
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Term
| heart and blood vessels (this is distinguished from lymph system) |
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Definition
| what is the blood vascular system made of? |
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Term
| pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation |
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Definition
| what are the 2 components of the circulatory system? |
|
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Term
| right atrium and ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left Atrium |
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Definition
| what is the path of pulmonary circulation? |
|
|
Term
| Left atrium and ventricle -> aorta -> rest of body |
|
Definition
| what is the path of systemic circulation? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| passive drainage system for returning extravascular fluid to blood vascular system |
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Term
|
Definition
| vascular system that lacks an intrinsic pump, relies on skeletal muscle contraction and body movement |
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Term
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia |
|
Definition
| what are the three layers of blood vessels from inner to outer layer? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| innermost layer of simple squamous endothelial cells lining the lumen |
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|
Term
thin, 1-2 cells thick
has a basal lamina (basement membrane) with variable amounts of subendothelial connective tissue
semi-permeable |
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Definition
| how thick is the tunica intima? does it have a basement membrane? how permeable is it? |
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|
Term
| internal elastic lamina, made of elastic fibers |
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Definition
| what separates the tunica intima and tunica media if it is present? what is it made of? |
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|
Term
smooth muscle cells
fibroblastic CT
may have reticulin
elastic fibers |
|
Definition
| what types of cells/tissues are found in the tunica media? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what type of collagen is reticulin? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what tunic (layer) is the thickest in arteries? |
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|
Term
| between tunica media and tunica adventitia |
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Definition
| what layers is the external elastic lamina between? |
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Term
| elastic fibers, but less organized than the internal elastic lamina |
|
Definition
| what type of fibers are in the external elastic lamina? |
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|
Term
loose fibroblastic CT
fibroblasts (that secrete collagen)
elastic fibers
smooth muscle cells |
|
Definition
| what fibers/tissues are found in the tunica adventitia? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| what tunic (layer) is thickest in veins? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what layer are the vaso vasorum in? |
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Term
| in large vessels (arteries and veins both) small vessels that supply the tunica media and adventitia with blood |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in what tunic (layer) are autonmic nerves (nervi vascularis) found? |
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Term
| control smooth muscle contraction in vessel walls causing vasoconstriciton and vasodilation |
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Definition
| what do nervi vascularis do? |
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|
Term
due to the action of sympathetic, post-ganglionic nerve fibers
-smooth muscle of tunica media is acted on, causing constriction, and decrease in diameter |
|
Definition
| what causes vasoconstriction? what layer does this occur in the vessel? |
|
|
Term
1) passive action that occurs in absense/inhibition of sympathetic stimulation
2) indirect parasympathetic innervation releases Ach which act on endothelial cells and make them release NO, secondarily causing smooth musc relaxation
3) in response to low O2 tension, smooth muscle in vessel walls relaxes to increase blood flow |
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Definition
| what are the 3 theories of the cause of vasodilation? |
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|
Term
| baroreceptors, chemoreceptors |
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Definition
| what are the 2 specialized sensory receptors located in walls of blood vessels that can control vasodilation/constriction? |
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Term
| found in carotid sinus and aortic arch; detect blood pressure |
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Definition
| where are baroceptors and what do they detect? |
|
|
Term
located at bifurcation of carotid artery and in aortic bodies in aortic arch
-diff types detect changes in O2, CO2 tension, pH, ion changes etc. |
|
Definition
| where are chemoreceptors; what do they detect? |
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Term
|
Definition
| conducts blood away from the heart to capillary bed (doesn't always carry oxygenated blood) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| returns blood from capillaries to heart(can carry oxygenated blood) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| causes systole and a pressure wave |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| causes diastole and decrease in pressure |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| what is a normal BP reading? |
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|
Term
| expansion and recoil of elastic arteries (this is why the walls are thicker) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| changes in the diameter of blood vessels due to sympathetic control of smooth musc in vessel walls |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which vessels have a thick vessel wall compared to the lumen diameter due to presence of large amoutns of elastin and smooth muscle? |
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|
Term
| greater than 1 cm diameter |
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Definition
| how big are elastic arteries? |
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|
Term
elastic artery
muscular artery
arterioles
metarterioles
capillaries |
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Definition
| list the artery types from biggest to smallest: |
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|
Term
elastic arteries
aorta, common cartotid, subclavian, pulmonary arteries |
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Definition
| large conducting vessels, receive blood directly from the heart (give examples) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| what do elastic arteries have in their tunica media to help maintain bp between systolic and diastolic pressure? |
|
|
Term
| elastic arteries, muscular artries (large ones have external elastic lamina, but the smaller ones just have a distinct internal elastic lamina) |
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Definition
| have tunica media as the thickest layer and posess both internal and external elastic lamina |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| how big are muscular arteries? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have more smooth musc and less elastin in tunica media than elastic arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain realtively little smooth musc as they are only 2-3 cells thick and lack elastic lamina |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| terminal branches of the arterial system that supply capillary beds |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| major sites of vasoconstriction and vasodilation despite their relativley little smooth muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| regulate distribution of blood to capillaries via pre-capillary sphincters |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| intermittent rings of smooth muscle within walls of arterioles |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| smaller diameter arterioles, intermediate size between arterioles and capillaries characterized by a discontinuous layer of smooth muscle in tunic media |
|
|
Term
| CT decreases, smooth muscle increases |
|
Definition
| in general as the size of the vessel increases, the amount of CT ___ and the amount of smooth muscle ___ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concerned with exchange of fluids, nutrients, metabolites, waste products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microcirculation occurs primarily in capillaries, but where else can it occur? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lined by a single layer of endothelial cells supported by a basal lamina and small #s of pericytes |
|
|
Term
| same precursor cell as endothelial cells |
|
Definition
| what are pericytes derrived from? |
|
|
Term
| endothelial cells or smooth muscle |
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Definition
| what can pericytes differentiate into following tissue injury? |
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|
Term
| just tunica intima (no CT-adventitia, no smooth musc-media) |
|
Definition
| what layers (tunics )do capillaries have? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| do capilaries exhibit vasomotor activity themselves (constrict/dilate)? |
|
|
Term
| smooth musc. of arterioles/ pre-capillary sphincters cause a PASSIVE change in capillary diameter |
|
Definition
| how does vasoconstriction/dilation occur in capillaries? |
|
|
Term
continuous
fenestrated
discontinuous |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 types of capillaries? |
|
|
Term
continuous
-in muscle, lung, CNS |
|
Definition
endothelium forms continuous lining, most common type of capillary
give examples |
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|
Term
fenestrated
-endocrine glands, GI tract (move molecules in and out of blood here) |
|
Definition
this type of capillary has endothelial cells with pores WITHIN cells
give examples |
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|
Term
discontinous
-liver, spleen, bone marrow, Lymph nodes |
|
Definition
capillary with a non-continuous basal lamina and so endothelial cells are separated by large gaps BETWEEN cells
give examples |
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|
Term
| large diameter capillaries (30-40 um) formed from discontinuous capillaries |
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Definition
| how big are sinusoids and what are they formed from? |
|
|
Term
| fenestrae, trancytosis, diapedesis |
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Definition
| what are the 3 methods of transport across capillaries? |
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Term
|
Definition
| low pressure collecting system for returning blood from capillary beds to heart |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| thinner walled vessels with larger lumen than the corresponding artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| do veins have more ore less smooth muscle in the tunica media? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what prevents backflow in veins especially in the limbs and thorax? |
|
|
Term
| valve failure in the legs -> pressure in the superficial veins |
|
Definition
| what causes varicose veins? |
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|
Term
| no tunica media and no elastic lamina |
|
Definition
| what tunics/layers do venules have? |
|
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Term
muscular veins
collecting venules
post capillary venules |
|
Definition
| list the veins from biggest to smallest |
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|
Term
| 10-50 um, tunica media and adventitia are reduced or absent |
|
Definition
| how big are post-capillary venules and what layers/tunics do they have? |
|
|
Term
50-100 um in diameter,
-tunica intima
-thin smooth muscle layer in tunica media
-thicker adventitia |
|
Definition
| how big are collecting venules, what layers do they have? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vasoactive substances such as histamine and seratonin act on _____ and enlarge intercellular spaces causing greater permeability for diapedesis and edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preferential site for diapedesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name of large and medium sized veins |
|
|
Term
| internal and external elastic lamina in large ones, medium only have internal elastic, small may or may not have elastic lamina (all tunics present) |
|
Definition
| what layers do muscular veins have? |
|
|
Term
| smooth muscle in the tunica media |
|
Definition
| what controls luminal diameter of muscular veins and venules? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| direct connection between arterial and venous system -bypass capillary bed |
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|
Term
portal vessels
-hepatic portal vessel system |
|
Definition
| Vein or artery directly connecting two capillary beds (give example) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of anastomosis common in skin; functions in thermoregulation with assistance of pre-capillary sphincters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structurally similar to veins but thinner endothelial cells with greater permeability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are there valves in the lymph vascular system? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin tunica media, basement membrane and pericytes may be absent, drains excess fliud from ECS and returns it to the blood stream |
|
|
Term
| high hydrostatic pressure in arterioles exceeding colloidal oncotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins causing leakage of water, electrolytes, and plasma proteins from capillaries into ECS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ is drained by a series of interconnected blind, ending tubules (lymphatics) |
|
|
Term
thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
yes |
|
Definition
| what are the largest lymph vessels in the body?do they have a tunica media? |
|
|
Term
| junction of Left internal jugular Vein and left subclavian vein |
|
Definition
| where is lymph returned to the bloodstream? |
|
|
Term
| tells about tumor metastesis since tumors hijack the lymph subway because they are easy to squeeze through-> esp thoracic cancers, breast cancer tell you if you need to chop off an entire breast or both or what. |
|
Definition
| why is assymetrical lymph drainage important? |
|
|
Term
| skeletal muscle contraction, body movement |
|
Definition
| how is movement of lymph accomplished? |
|
|
Term
| can cause peripheral edema (swollen feet) can also cause you to faint b/c of lack of venous return ex: soldiers can fall over after standing in formation |
|
Definition
| what happens with lymph when the body is immobile? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interspersed along lymph vessels, contain lymphoid tissue for antigeninc sampling & recognition, acitvation of immune cells, and production of antibodies |
|
|
Term
| lymph vessels, they filter out tumors, busted vessels, dead cells and debris |
|
Definition
| what works like a lint trap in the dryer? |
|
|
Term
lack blood, contain lymph (smooth eosinophillic proteinaceous fluid)
-basement membrane rudimentary or absent, no pericytes |
|
Definition
| what is the easist way to ID lymph vessels in section? |
|
|
Term
| lipid deposits(atherosclerosis) -> foam cells form |
|
Definition
| normally the tunica intima is thin, but in older adults this causes it to thicken |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accompanied by proliferation of smooth muscle cells and formation of fibrous CT capsule with calcification and necrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be generalized or focal, most common ACQUIRED abnormaility of blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
atherosclerosis is often associated with ____ due to decrease in diameter of vesel lumen and increase in systolic BP
also associated with increased risk of heart attack or stroke |
|
|
Term
| atherosclerosis- lumen of coronary artery may decrease by 90% |
|
Definition
| most common cause of ischemic heart disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrowing of a blood vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gradual stenosis by thrombus(plaque) causes this aka occlusion of a blood vessel (formation of a thrombus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when thrombi break apart what does this cause? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood clot that moves through the bloodstream until it lodges in a narrowed vessel and blocks circulation -> thrombosis -> acute ischemic event (anoxia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a blood clot that forms inside a blood vessel or cavity of the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chest pain due to lack of oxygen (anoxia) to heart muscle |
|
|
Term
| myocardial infarction (death by ischemia) |
|
Definition
| if angina is untreated, a portion of muscle dies, this is referred to as a |
|
|
Term
G0, they are terminally differentiated
-in an ischemic event, they cannot regenerate, so fibrosis forms which is non-contractile tissue |
|
Definition
| what phase of the cell cycle are cardiac myocytes? why is this significant? |
|
|
Term
| decreased or partial loss of heart function (PERMANANTLY) |
|
Definition
| fibrosis of heart muscle causes what? |
|
|
Term
inflammation of the inside lining of the heart chambers and heart valves (esp AV valves)
associated with valvular incompetence and may involve bacteria which can cause vegetative endocarditis and thromboembolic disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vegetative endocarditis and thromboembolic disease & stroke (eternally at risk because the plaques on the valves can bust off at any time) |
|
Definition
| what can endocarditis cause? |
|
|
Term
both tissues terminally differentiated and can't heal (neurons and cardiac muscle cells)
both are due to occluded vessels causing an ischemic attack (cerebral infarct vs myocardial infarct) |
|
Definition
| how is a stroke similar to an MI? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how is the severity of a stroke determined? |
|
|
Term
blood vessels dilate and form thin walled, baloon like regions
this is due to elastic firbers degrading causing the tunica media to separate from other layers and blood filling inbetween the layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where are aneurisms common? |
|
|
Term
transient ischemic attacks (TIA's)
TIA-an episode in which a person has stroke-like symptoms for up to 1-2 hours |
|
Definition
| what often follows aneurisms? |
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