Term
| What is the main function of the cardiovascular system? |
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Definition
1. to act as a transport system of body metabolism
a. to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues
b. to remove CO2 and waste products from tissues |
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Term
the following are functions of what body system:
Delivering hormones from their glands to their sites of action
Regulating body temperature
Re-distributing blood flow to key organs under stress (e.g. exercise) |
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Definition
| the cardiovascular syatem |
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Term
| At steady state, cardiac output equals .... |
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Definition
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Term
| WHich part of the circulation is under the highest pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are the muscles on the left side of the heart larger? |
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Definition
| Because they are under a higher pressure and must pump blood out to the entire body |
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Term
| Which pulmonary vessel carries oxygenated blood and which carries deoxygenated blood? |
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Definition
| the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood while the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood. |
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Term
| the vessel that transports blood from the heart to the tissues under high pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| controls the blood before entering the capillaries, the last small branches of conduit arteries with highest resistance |
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Definition
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Term
| vessels responsible for exchanging fluid, nutrients, etc between the blood and interstium |
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Definition
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Term
| vessels responsible for collecting blood from the capillaries before caolescing into larger veins |
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Definition
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Term
| vessels responsible for transporting blood from the tissues back to the heart under low pressure and serves as a major reservoir of blood |
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Definition
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Term
| the layer of the aorta that allows it to move a large quantity of blood and is important in pressure and regulation |
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Definition
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Term
| the vessel that has the largest surface area |
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Definition
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Term
| the vessel system responsible for directing the flow of blood |
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Definition
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Term
| the vessel system that is a vascular resoir of blood volume |
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Definition
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Term
| the cahange in volume over the change in pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| Vessels that are not easily stretched (arteries, vessels in old age) have what level of compliance |
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Definition
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Term
| vessels that are easily stretched and a large change in volume does not have much change in pressure (veins) are said to have this level of compliance |
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Definition
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Term
| the capacity of a vessel to hold blood |
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Definition
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Term
| a ballon is similar to which vessel |
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Definition
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Term
| On what side does a small change in volume causes a larfe change in pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| the effect of the sympathetic system on compliance |
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Definition
| it decrease compliance by increasing vascular smooth muscle tone |
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Term
How hard the walls of the a vessel are being stretched when there is
pressure inside the vessel
It relates tension, pressure and radius |
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Definition
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Term
| WHy does the aorta have the highest wall tension? |
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Definition
| the aorta has the largest radius therefore based on laplace relationship the tension should also be high |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| blood flow is determined by what law? |
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Definition
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Term
| blood flow (Q)= change in pressure over resistance in what concept |
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Definition
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Term
| If the pressure gradient increases, what happens to flow? |
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Definition
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Term
| If the resistance decreases, what will happen to flow? |
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Definition
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Term
A dimensionless number of the flow characteristics
influenced by inertial vs viscous forces |
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Definition
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Term
| Nr = (velocity x diamter x density)/ viscosity |
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Definition
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Term
| A reynold's number less than 2000 is what type of flow |
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Definition
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Term
| A reynold's numer more than 2000 is what type of flow |
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Definition
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Term
| What does increasing velocity do to flow |
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Definition
| it increases laminar flow, smoother flow |
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Term
| how is flow affected when a patient has aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve |
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Definition
| the reynolds number will increase because the blood is going through a small hole and at a faster rate, more of a turbulent flow |
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Term
| rate of blood displacement with respect to time (e.g. cm/s) |
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Definition
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Term
| volume per unit time (e.g. ml/s) |
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Definition
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Term
| flow/ cross sectional area equals |
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Definition
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Term
| velocity is inversely proportional to the .... |
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Definition
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Term
| What vessel has the smallest cross section area |
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Definition
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Term
| pressure difference between systemic arteries and veins over blood flow equals |
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Definition
resistance measured as Peripheral Resistance
Unit (PRU= mmHg/ml/sec |
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Term
| WHat is a major determinant of vascular resistance? |
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Definition
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Term
resistance = ((the viscosity of the blood* L {the length of the
vessel})/ (r = the radius of the vessel)* (8/pi) |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to resistance if the radius is decreased by half? |
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Definition
| resistance will increase 16 times |
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Term
| What happens to resistance when the radius is doubled? |
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Definition
| it will decrease by 1/16th |
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Term
| increased myogenic activity, oxygen consumption, endothelin, sympatheitc stimulation, vasopressin, angiotensin II and cold, and decreases carbon dioxide and other metabolites causes |
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Definition
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Term
| decreased myogenic activity, oxygen, and sympathetic stimulation, histamine relaesa, and heat and increased CO2 and NO causes what |
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Definition
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Term
| When resistor are in series the total resistance is |
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Definition
| the sum of the individual resistors |
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Term
| Where does the greatest decrease in pressure occur due to the very high resistance of the vessel |
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Definition
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Term
What is happening to central resistance when:
Flow decreases equally at all points (series system)
Pressure immediately upstream from R2 increases
Pressure immediately downstream from R2 decreases |
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Definition
| central resistance increases |
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Term
What happens to central resistance when:
a) Flow increases equally at all points (series system)
b) Pressure immediately upstream from R2 decreases
c) Pressure immediately downstream from R2 increases |
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Definition
| central resistance decreases |
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Term
| the flow of blood from the aorta to the vena cava through the tissues of the body is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| In parallel resistors, the reciprocal of the total resistance is the sum of the |
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Definition
| reciprocals of the individual resistances |
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Term
Total resistance is always ..... than any individual resistances
And
Adding a resistor in parallel .... the total resistance of the
system |
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Definition
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Term
| is there a loss of pressure in a parallel resisatnce arrangment |
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Definition
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Term
| What conditions will lead to an increase in resistors leading to a lower blood pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| in life increasing parallel channels |
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Definition
| is like opening more lanes at a store to increase the flow |
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Term
| which circulation pathway has the highest resistance |
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Definition
| systemic circulation, because it must pass through all the tissues of the body |
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Term
| the internal stickiness of the fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| viscosity of the blood changes with |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the normal hemocrit level |
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Definition
Normally in man = 42
& in women = 38
Its lower when anemic |
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Term
the force exerted by the blood against any unit
area of the vessel wall |
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Definition
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Term
is the peak aortic pressure, occurs during
the ejection of the blood from the left ventricle into aorta |
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Definition
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Term
| the minimum aortic pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| systolic pressure-diastolic pressure equals |
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Definition
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Term
Both of these equations equal
= Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure
= 2/3 Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 Systolic Pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| Cardiac output * total peripheral resistance equals |
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Definition
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Term
| What condition can cause a decrease in total peripheral resistance, cardiac output and MAP |
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Definition
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Term
| Whaen state can cause an increase in total peripheral resistance, cardiac output and MAP |
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Definition
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Term
The following factors have what effect on arterial systolic pressure:
1. increase stroke volume
2. decrease compliance of the arterial tree |
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Definition
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Term
The following factors have what effect in arterial diastolic pressure
1. decrease in total peripheral resistance (TPR)
2. decrease in heart rate
3. decrease in stroke volume |
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Definition
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Term
The following factors have what effect on pulse pressure
1. increase in stroke volume
2. decrease in compliance of the arterial tree
3. decrease TPR |
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Definition
| increase because the systolic pressure increases and diastolic pressure increases |
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Term
| What dampens the systolic and diastolic pressure and reduces the pulsatile pattern of blood flow |
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Definition
| the distensibility of the aorta |
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Term
these causes lead to:
1) the resistance to blood
movement in the vessels
2) The compliance of the vessels
the degree of damping
resistance x compliance |
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Definition
The progressive diminishment
of the pulse pressure in the
peripheral circulation |
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Term
| Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increase with age due to |
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Definition
| changes of the pressure control mechanisms |
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Term
| What are the two main control mechanisms that change bp with age |
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Definition
1) Kidney, long term regulation of the blood pressure
2) Arteries, decrease elasticity increase in systolic blood pressure |
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Term
These factors have what effect on venous return
1) Increased blood volume
2) Increased vessel tone increased peripheral venous pressure
3) Dilatation of the arterioles decreases the peripheral resistance
increased flow of the blood from arteries to veins |
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Definition
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Term
the factors have what effect on venous return:
Decreased blood flow into the heart
Blood loss
2) Pooling of blood in venous system (venodilation) |
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Definition
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Term
Occurs due to incompetence of the
venous valves |
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Definition
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Term
degree of distension of
neck veins e.g., neck vein start to
protrude when the jugular venous pressure
exceeds 8 cmH2O ( e.g. heart failure) |
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Definition
| clinical estimation of venous pressure |
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Term
Why do people faint
What are the underlying physiological
concepts that explain fainting? |
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Definition
| The tension built up in the muscle and the venous blood is going down and pooling in the lower extremity |
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