Term
| Louis the Pious (814-830) |
|
Definition
| Son of Charlemagne, not strong enough successor. Personality more suited for a monastery. Had three sons |
|
|
Term
| Louis the Pious' sons amongst whom he divided the kingdom: |
|
Definition
| Lothar, Charles, and Louis the German |
|
|
Term
| What part of the kingdom did Lothar claim at the Treaty of Verdun (843)? |
|
Definition
| Middle kingdom: from low countries to northern Italy |
|
|
Term
| What part of the kingdom did Charles claim at the Treaty of Verdun? (843)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the kingdom did Louis claim at the Treaty of Verdun (843)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pope John XII (Reigned 955-964) |
|
Definition
| Corrupted pope that used Church's wealth and lack of imperial restraint to indulge in interests such as hunting and banquets (he WAS only 18 years old...) Was eventually deposed by Otto I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Society where governance is localized around towns or monasteries under leadership of one lord. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the appointment of family members to important positions in the church |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The selling of church positions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The practice by which high-ranking lay persons (Kings and other rulers) could appoint abbots or bishops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Duke of Aquitane; Donated money to St. Berno to build a monastery at Cluny in Burgundy, France. |
|
|
Term
| St. Berno (Abbotship 910-927) |
|
Definition
| First abbot of the monastery of Cluny; settled at Cluny with twelve other companions, committing themselves to a renewal of the rule of St. Benedict |
|
|
Term
| St. Odo (Abbotship 927-942) |
|
Definition
| Second abbot of the monastery at Cluny; Spread Clunaic reforms to other monasteries, leading to monasteries in southern France and some in Italy following the renewed Benedictine rule. |
|
|
Term
| What set apart Clunaic Monasteries from other monasteries of the time? |
|
Definition
| They followed Benedictine rule, had one abbot that sought after all incorporated monasteries (not just the one in Cluny), placed emphasis on each individual monk, and they decreased time doing manual labor so they had time for spiritual reflection |
|
|
Term
| Gregory VII is also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hildebrand is also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monk of the Cluny reform, important member of the College of Cardinals; Made dictatus papæ, sought out to curb the abuse of Canon Law for the future, and placed harsh penalties on the actions of simony and the violation of priestly celibacy. After discrepancies between him and Henry IV, Hildebrand was sent into exile, where he died. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A decree by Gregory VII (Hildebrand) stating that the pop possessed specfici powers bestowed by God that were his alone. These powers included the power to convene and ratify a council, to define tenets of the faith, and to appoint, transfer, and remove bishops from office, and the power to depose temporal rulers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Holy Roman Emperor in the time of Pope Gregory VII; Defied Dictatus Papæ, and appointed his own bishop of Milan. Gregory VII excommunicates and deposes him, causing Gregory VII to lose support. He needed to receive forgiveness from the pope before a new Holy Roman Emperor could be put in place. He goes to Canossa, Italy where the pope was staying with the Countess of Tuscany, and begs for forgiveness. At first, Gregory VII refused to meet with him, but eventually he must because the pope can't turn his back on someone seeking forgiveness, so he allows him back into the Church. Eventually, Henry IV defies the decree again, appointing an anti-pope Clement III. This sends Gregory VII into exile. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1122; reforms that officially ended the lay investiture matter; simony is re-condemned; and temporal leaders were allowed to veto a candidate for the episcopacy (make the Church choose a new one) |
|
|
Term
| Constitutions of Clarendon: |
|
Definition
| Henry II, King of England, asserted his royal authority seeking complete control of the church |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chancellor under King Henry II of England; Was elected by Henry II as bishop of Canterbury (Henry II had no right in doing so); Advised Henry II against it, but accepted the role anyway, all the while trying to resist the king's efforts to violate Canon Law; His resistance is answered by Henry II with his murder in the cathedral by his knights |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Called the crusade against the Albigensian heresy; approved the Franciscan order |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Censure from a bishop stating that a person is cut off from communion with the Church because he is in a persistent state of mortal sin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "white monks" or "farming monks"; lived a poor and simple lifestyle, and emphasized self-sufficiecy through monastic farming. Emphasized poverty in wearing white robes instead of the usual monastic black robes, and sleeping on planks of wood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| THE LAST FATHER OF THE CHURCH***; joined the Cistercians, brought 30 more with him, and founded a monastery in Clairvaux |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a brilliant scholar, went with his two friends to live as hermits in the French Alps. Founder of the Carthusians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Each monk has his own living space to live the life of a hermit but amongst others, bringing the two lifestyles of community and hermitage together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| persecute Muslims in Egypt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| create a new militant Islamic nation; attack Christians in Palestine and Syria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Turks annihilate Byzantine Army, on verge of taking Constantinople |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CALLED FOR THE FIRST CRUSADE***at the Council of Clermont |
|
|
Term
| Council of Clermont (1095): |
|
Definition
| Where Pope Blessed Urban II called for the First Crusade |
|
|
Term
| What were the motives and motivation behind the First Crusade? |
|
Definition
| Fend off Turkish expansion into Byzantine; Free the Holy Land for safe pilgrimage; Motivation was the concept that God would reward those who fought to defend Christendom |
|
|
Term
| What was given to those who part-took in the First Crusade by the Church? |
|
Definition
| Reduction of taxes (tithe), dissolving of debts, and the protection of their families |
|
|
Term
| Peter the Hermit of Amiens: |
|
Definition
| Went from city-to-city to preach about the abuse inflicted on Christians in Palestine, in support of a crusade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Was good friends with Sultan Malik-al-Kamil (Muslim); suggested peaceful dialogue in the Holy Land |
|
|
Term
| Who won the Crusades 2-4? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the Children's Crusade? |
|
Definition
| Christians sent their kids to the Holy Land expecting the Muslims to basically see them and feel bad and be like "Ok, we cool". NOT COOL. Most of the Kids either die on the way there, or are captured and sold into slavery. |
|
|
Term
| What was the outcome of the Crusades? |
|
Definition
| Holy Lands aren't ours (not good); Held back Turkish expansion (good); Created Christian unity (good); Made pilgrimage to the Holy Land safer (good); Advances in technology, medicine, and math [mixing of cultures] (good); Encouraged travel and exchange of ideas (yeah good) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "The enemies of the cross of Christ, are likewise our enemies" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heresy; saw the soul as good and the body as evil;hostile towards Christianity; Rejected the mass and sacraments, preached suicide as a way to obtain spiritual purity; Pope Innocent III fought this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Established the Inquisition as a means of purging heresy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Persecuted heretics; Inquisitors judged between life and death for the heretic; In order to repent, a 2-month "term of grace" was given; Those found guilty needed at least 2 witnesses to be convicted; Once proven guilty, they were turned over to the civil authority |
|
|
Term
| From what monasteries did Inquisitors come from? |
|
Definition
| Dominicans and Franciscans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occuring under the reign of Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand, this inquisition took place with punishments usually violating the dignity of the convicted; Pope Sixtus IV tried to intervene, but he failed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The re-conquering of Spain by Christians against Muslims |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Known for study of theology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Known for the study of medicine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Known for the training of lawyers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The connection of ancient philosophy with medieval Christian theology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scholasticism's greatest teacher; wrote the Books of Sentences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Peter Lombard's collection and discussion of the opinions of the Church Fathers and earlier theologians on all questions pertaining to the Revelation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nicknamed the "Dumb Ox"; discovered by Albert the Great; Wrote Summa Theolgiæ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Answers every important question of theology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tried to find a middle ground between Thomas' teachings and Plato; He showed how far reason can take human understanding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lived in towns; come from the Latin word "mendicare" meaning "to beg" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dedicated to teaching to the poor and lived in poverty as a way of reflecting Christ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focused on teaching and education; produced some of the greatest teachers in Europe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Was born into a wealthy family, at 16 was taken as a prisoner of war, and became very ill; He went to a dilapidated Church to pray one day and heard God's voice thunder "Francis, go and build up my house again!"; Thinking he meant literally, he goes to repair the church itself instead of the Church; His dad kicks him out because he sold his possessions for the repairs; Lives a life of poverty in the mountains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Finds a way for the Franciscans to live in houses owned by the pope and remain without material possessions, in complete poverty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fought against the heretics in South France; used reason to gain headway against the heretics; sent his followers to the University of Paris; Dominicans initiated the practice of saying the Rosary** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thick squat columns, rounded columns, little light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Permitted more light, stained glass windows, pointed arches, flying buttresses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produced "Divine Comedy" that brought together classical and Christian elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two dimensional, religious, expressionless, with gold backgrounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Peter Murrone**; a saintly hermit who is begged to accept the papacy after a 2 year search for pope; He resigns after 5 months |
|
|
Term
| Boniface XIII (Reigned 1294-1303): |
|
Definition
| Believed kings and lords should bend to his will; Writes Clericos Laicos in response to Philip IV; Issues Unam Sanctum; Dies of a fever that is made fatal due to health damage done by being captured for three days by accomplices to Philip IV; Is succeeded by Benedict XI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Boniface XIII writes this to chastise Philip IV; asserts that kings do not have the right tot tax clergy without the permission of the pope; Philip IV retaliates with cutting off all shipments of gold, silver, and jewels to Italy, and the loss of revenue causes Boniface VIII to have to compromise |
|
|
Term
| What was Unam Sanctum issued as a response to? |
|
Definition
| Philip IV's arrest of Boniface VIII in 1301 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Declared that in order to save one's soul, every human must be subject to the authority of the pope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Succeeds Boniface VIII and excommunicated those who who had taken Boniface VIII into captivity and abused him for three days; these included William of Nogaret and Sciarra Colonna; possibly was poisoned by William of Nogaret |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Personal friend of Philip, elected after Benedict XI, is influenced by Philip to move the papacy to Avignon, France and surround himself with french cardinals; begins BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1305-1277; 70 years of the papacy residing in Avignon; The power of the Church is weakened, and the pope is seen as a puppet of a French King |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large-scale famine struck Europe from 1315-1317; peasants flock to cities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1347-1351; kills 25 million people (about 1/3 of Europe) |
|
|
Term
| St. Joan of Arc (Born 1412; Age 13, Lives during the Hundred Years War): |
|
Definition
| Had mystical experiences with Sts. Michael, Margaret, and Catherine of Alexandria; They tell her that she has been chosen as the liberator of France, particularly Orléans; Goes to Charles VII (the Dauphin) and tells him of her cause and how she's had a vision where he is being crowned king at Rheims; She is allowed to lead the French army against the English at the Siege of Orléans; Wins; Leads Charles VII to the crown; Is captured by the English, declared a heretic, and burned at the stake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Joined the Dominican friars at age 16; Dedicated herself to helping the poor and the sick, especially those suffering from the Plague;The first woman to receive the stigmata*; CONVINCES GREGORY XI TO RETURN THE PAPACY TO ROME (Ends Babylonian Captivity!) *** |
|
|
Term
| Who is the first woman Doctor of the Church? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elected after Gregory XI; first Italian pope after Babylonian Captivity; Reformer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elected as an anti-pope in Avignon when the French cardinals denied Urban and claimed that they were "forced" to vote for him |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clement VII is anti-pope in Avignon, and Urban VI is true pope in Rome; Two popes, there should be one; Church is divided due to disagreements on who is the real Vicar of Christ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First attempt to end Great Western Schism; Pisan council deposed both of the popes because neither would abdicate their thrones; Alexander V is elected; One would think this would solve everything, but now there was just one more guy claiming the papacy |
|
|
Term
| Council of Constance (1414-1418): |
|
Definition
| Called by Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, he forces anti-pope John XXIII to resign; Pope Gregory XII sends a rep. saying that he'll abdicate his throne so long as he is seen as the true pope; He abdicates it; Benedict XIII refused to cooperate at all with the council and so he lost support; Thus, Martin V was elected to end the Western Schism |
|
|
Term
| Who's election ended the Great Western Schism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pre-protestant; rejected priesthood, sacraments, tradition, the pope, scholasticism, and free will; his followers are called the Lollards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ideas were popular in Bohemia; He was the rector at the University of Prague; adopted many of Wycliffe's arguments; Attempted to reform the Bohemian Church; He rejected transubstantiation; Believed that faith alone without good works could bring about salvation; Eventually, he is tried for heresy and burned at the stake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Creates the Vatican Library |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reverses the sentence of Joan of Arc and names her patroness of France |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Canonizes St. Catherine of Siena |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Builds the Sistine Chapel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belief that a Council could depose the rival claimants to the papacy and choose a compromise candidate (seen as a way of ending the Great Western Schism) |
|
|
Term
| Where was Martin Luther born? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of monk was Martin Luther? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Lutheran Theology states that justification is achieved by faith alone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Lutheran theology states that Scripture accompanied by Tradition are the sole authorities on faith |
|
Definition
| FALSE: Lutheran theology states that Scripture alone is the sole authority on Faith; meaning that the pope nor the teachings of the councils count for anything |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Lutheran theology states that humans are naturally good and are able to do good deeds. |
|
Definition
| FALSE: Lutheran theology states that all good actions are a result of GRACE ALONE; God's saving grace leads people to do good works because naturally, people can't do good |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Lutheran theology believes in Eucharist, Baptism, and Confirmation |
|
Definition
| FALSE: The only two sacraments in Lutheran theology are the Eucharist and Baptism |
|
|
Term
| True or False: In Lutheran theology, no priests are necessary, and a minister or preacher can marry. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Luther Theology believe in "Transubstantiation" or "Consubstantiation: |
|
Definition
| Consubstantiation; i.e. Jesus is not in the host (it isn't ACTUALLY his body), he is only present at mass |
|
|
Term
| What language was spoken in Lutheran masses? |
|
Definition
| Whatever language was native to the region. "Vernacular" |
|
|
Term
| Did Luther actually call for the Peasant Rebellion per se? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who calls for the slaughter of those who part-took in the Peasant Rebellion (1524)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is Lutheran's companion that writes the Augsburg Confession? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Princes are allowed to choose the religion of their subjects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| French, fled to Switzerland; wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion; Sets up a theocracy in Geneva |
|
|
Term
| Institutes of the Christian Religion: |
|
Definition
| humanity has no free will, scripture alone was supreme authority, humanity was totally corrupt and unable to do good, NO SACRAMENTS, religious images (vestments, altars, etc) were ordered to be destroyed; Religious services consisted of prayers, sermons, and singing psalms, predestination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only those chosen by God would be saved, everybody else...you're screwed. |
|
|
Term
| Who sets up a theocracy in Zurich? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Henry VIII write? |
|
Definition
| In Defense of the Seven Sacraments |
|
|
Term
| What title does Henry VIII recieve from the pope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Catherine of Aragon has had two annulments in her lifetime. |
|
Definition
| True: one with sickly Arthur, and one with his brother Henry VIII |
|
|
Term
| Catherine of Aragon can't produce a male heir, but does give birth to Henry VIII's daughter __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn have a daughter named? |
|
Definition
| Elizabeth I (The Virgin Queen) |
|
|
Term
| What pope refuses to annul Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who secretly marries Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Henry VIII declared that all must pledge alliance to the king as head of the church in England |
|
|
Term
| Who refused to take the oath to the Act of Supremacy, and wrote Utopia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refused to take the oath of the Act of Supremacy; is beheaded |
|
|
Term
| What religion is Edward IV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mary Tudor is what religion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mary Tudor got her nickname because...? |
|
Definition
| She killed a lot of Lutherans in her mission to make England Catholic. |
|
|
Term
| What did Catherine of Aragon do that was frowned upon? |
|
Definition
| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre |
|
|
Term
| Elizabeth I's view on Catholics? |
|
Definition
| Forbade all Catholic ceremonies in England; banned all priests from practicing in England; and persecuted what Catholics were left in England |
|
|
Term
| Who calls for the Council of Trent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reaffirmed the beliefs of the Catholic Church; put an end to abuses such as nepotism, simony, and absenteeism (bishops couldn't leave their diocese for more than 3 months); also ended the abuses of indulgences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The teachings of the Church used to instruct the faithful |
|
|
Term
| Index of Forbidden Books: |
|
Definition
| Forbade Catholics from reading certain books or their "Faith would be weakened" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Important naval battle where the Europeans defeated the Turks; Pope urges the Christians to pray the rosary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Founds the Jesuits; Writes "Spiritual Exercises" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plans for prayer and meditation for day-to-day practice |
|
|
Term
| What happened at the Fourth Crusade? |
|
Definition
| The sacking of Constantinople by the Turks |
|
|
Term
| What brought out the fact that Native Americans were God's children as well? |
|
Definition
| The appearance of the Blessed Virgin Mary to Juan Diego in Guadalupe, Mexico |
|
|
Term
| How many Native Americans converted to Christianity following the appearance of the Virgin Mary in Guadalupe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Native Americans were allowed to receive the Eucharist. |
|
Definition
| FALSE: It was believed that they weren't capable of understanding it |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Indians could not be ordained as priests because local clergy would make them the equivalent to Spanish priests. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Domincian friar that spoke out against the slavery of Native Americans that caused the Spanish king to prohibit it (lol...and then came the Slave trade...oh well...) |
|
|
Term
| What two Jesuits spread the Gospel in India? |
|
Definition
| Frances Xavier and Robert de Nobili |
|
|
Term
| True or False: In India, natives were not allowed to be ordained priests because they'd be equivalent to European priests. |
|
Definition
| FALSE: A native clergy was encouraged. |
|
|
Term
| Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith: |
|
Definition
| Established in 1622 by the Vatican to coordinate the efforts of all the missionaries |
|
|
Term
| What is the only Christian nation in Asia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who tried to spread Christianity to China? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What made China and Japan outlaw Christianity? |
|
Definition
| It's usual association with western colonialism |
|
|
Term
| Who spread Protestantism throughout Africa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 17th Century is known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: During the Englightenment, advances in science led people to believe that if it couldn't be proven scientifically, it couldn't be true. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mathematician; Taught that a man should doubt each fact until he could prove it to mathematical certainty, but also believed that through subjectivity of knowledge, it was impossible to achieve absolute certainty |
|
|
Term
| Who says "I think, therefore I am?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Taught that knowledge must origniate from specific observations to a more general theory-inductive reasoning |
|
|
Term
| Who found that the universe was heliocentric? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who made the Scientific Method? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the Jesuits accused of? |
|
Definition
| Criminal intrigue, forming a rebellion in the Portuguese colony of Brazil, and plotting to assassinate the King of Portugal |
|
|
Term
| Who dissolved the Jesuit order? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who restored the Jesuit order in 1814? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The want for a national French church without obedience to the pope |
|
|
Term
| The Civil Constitution of the Clergy: |
|
Definition
| Legislation designed to secularize the clergy, gorvern the Church in France,and separates all administrative decisions from the papacy |
|
|
Term
| Blessed William Joseph Chaminade: |
|
Definition
| Refused to take the oath to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy; Formed underground sodalities; Founds the Marianists |
|
|
Term
| What happens in 1801 that is important? |
|
Definition
| A concordat is signed between the Holy See and France, establishing freedom for the Church |
|
|
Term
| Concordat of Fontainebleau: |
|
Definition
| Napoleon makes Pope Pius VII sign a concordat that makes all authority to appoint bishops in Italy and France go to the Emperor; Black Cardinals tell Pius VII to publicly announce that he rejects the concordat; Word gets out, and the concordat is not recognized; Pius VII is able to return to Rome |
|
|
Term
| Who is the longest reigning pope? |
|
Definition
| Blessed Pio Nono (Blessed Pius IX); reigns for 37 years |
|
|
Term
| What does Pope Pius IX do in 1854? |
|
Definition
| Solemnly defines the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception |
|
|
Term
| What is discussed at the First Vatican Council? |
|
Definition
|
|
