Term
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Definition
| spreads to other parts of the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| grows in place, but doesn't spread. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Disorganization of cells. |
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Term
| Common sites of matasteses(5) |
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Definition
| Brain, lung, liver, bone, lymph tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| increase in number of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| How can matastasis spread? (3) |
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Definition
| Blood stream, lymph system, local invasion |
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Term
| causes of oncologic pain (9) |
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Definition
| displacement of nerves, blockage within hollow organs, pathologic bone fracture, muscle spasm, surgery, radiation, chemo, immobility, inflammation. |
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Term
| Anatomic site staging - how many stages are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| Stage 1 of anatomic site staging |
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Definition
| Ca limited to the organ in which it develops. |
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Term
| Stage 2 of anatomic site staging |
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Definition
| tumor is spread beyond primary site, but remains in the same anatomic region. There is some local invasion of the organ or immediately adjacent areas. There may be first stake lymph node spread with microinvasion of the lymphatics. |
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Term
| Stage 3 of anatomic site staging |
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Definition
| Tumor has spread to the region surrounding the primary organ. There is a high probability of microscopic metastatic disease. |
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Term
| Stage 4 of anatomic site staging. |
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Definition
| Metastatic disease is present beyond the local site. Ca cells are present throughout the entire organism, and there is little chance for cure. |
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Term
| Describe TNM classification. |
|
Definition
T: Extent of primary tumor. N: Presence and extent of regional lymph node mets
N0 to N3, with N0 indicating no evidence of disease, and N3 indicating multiple nodes, usually greater than 5 cm. M: presence or absence of distant mestastases. |
|
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Term
| How is presence or absence of metasteses designated in documtation? |
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Definition
| Designated M0 or M+, indicating absence or presence of mets. |
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Term
| What are the 7 histologic and cytologic features of malignancy? |
|
Definition
| Uncontrolled cellular proliferation, invasiveness, destruction of normal tissue, atypica structure, pleomorphism, aneuplaidy, metastasis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| irregular and variant forms of the same species or strain of microorganisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| the chromosomal state of a cell with abnormal numbers of specific chromosomes or chromosome sets |
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Term
|
Definition
| spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. |
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Term
| What is a positive histological cancer Dx? |
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Definition
| 1x10^3 cells at one site produce a mass of 1cm diameter. |
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Term
| How is remission classified, histologically? |
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Definition
| Fewer than 10^3 cancer cells are present. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Regulate growth and differentiation. |
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Term
| What are oncogenes and what do they do? |
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Definition
| They are tumor producing segments of DNA. They're the abnormal counterpart of proto-oncogenes. They are carcinogens, and force cell growth. |
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Term
| What are anti-oncogenes, and what do they do? |
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Definition
| They're tumor suppressing genes that regulate growth. |
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Term
| Balance btw oncogenes and anti-oncogenes is important in preventing what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Substance that causes cancer. |
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Term
| 7 environmental carcinogens |
|
Definition
1. Smoke
2. Occupational exposure to chemical carcinogens
3. Smokeless tobacco
4. Medications
5. Immunosuppression
6. Hormones
a. Breast and uterine ca
b. Prostate Ca
7. Radiation-induced Ca |
|
|
Term
| How large does a tumor have to be before XRay will pick it up? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major systemic effects of cancer? (4) |
|
Definition
| Anorexia and cachexia, hematologic manifestations, endocrine manifestations, neurologic manifestations |
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Term
|
Definition
| general reduction in vitality and strength of body and mind resulting from a debilitating chronic disease |
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Term
| Medical cancer Treatments (5) |
|
Definition
| Surgery, radiation, chemo, biotherapy, hormonal therapy |
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Term
| What are two types of reconstructive cancer surgery? |
|
Definition
| Mammoplasty, muscle flap transfers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| destroys rapidly dividing cancer cells. |
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|
Term
| what is radiation usually used for? |
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Definition
| pre-op to shrink tumors, prevent metastasis, or in combination w/ surger or chemo. |
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Term
| What type of cells does radiation target? |
|
Definition
| dividing cells and those with high O2 content. |
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Term
| What are the 2 methods of radiation delivery? |
|
Definition
| external beam, and interstitial (brachytherapy) |
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Term
| What are the two side effects of radiation that are most critical to life? |
|
Definition
| hematopoietic, and GI tract. |
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|
Term
| What is the goal of chemo? |
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Definition
| inflict damage to tumor cells and create the least amount of damage to normal cells. |
|
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Term
| what are the limitations of chemo? (2) |
|
Definition
| inability to prevent recurrence of disease, side effects due to cytotoxicity |
|
|
Term
| what are the side effects associated w/ cytotoxicity? (6) |
|
Definition
| myelosuppression, organ damage (heart, kidney, lung, liver), nausea, alopecia, fatigue, malaise. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A condition in which bone marrow activity is decreased, resulting in fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Myelosuppression is a side effect of some cancer treatments. |
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Term
| Biotherapy is also known as what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How does biotherapy work? |
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Definition
| Uses a biological response to modifiers to change the relationship between the tumor and host by increasing the host's response. |
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Term
| What is the hormone therapy for prostate ca? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the hormone used for breast Ca hormonal therapy? |
|
Definition
| Tamoxifen (anti estrogen) |
|
|
Term
| How many lymph nodes are involved for the best prognosis of breast cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a favorable tumor size in breast cancer? |
|
Definition
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