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Definition
| The theory that an organism is fully formed at conception and reproduction is thereafter simply a process of growth (mini adult) |
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Definition
| The unfolding of the innate disposition; developmental changes in the body behavior that results form the aging process rather than from learning, injury, illness, or some other life experience |
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Definition
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau's philosophy that children are inherently good and that the world corrupts them as they develop |
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Definition
| Individuals are born without built-in mental content and that their knowledge comes from experience and perception |
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| laws for children that entitled them to adequate standard living, health care, and education. Right for children to determine their own lives |
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Definition
| children have the right to protection of abuse, neglect, exploitation, and discrimination |
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Definition
| the belief that children are active in their own development such as "little scientist" and that they constrict/construct their own environment |
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Definition
| See children as passive who don't participate as much in their own development and that parents structure the environment to get a certain outcome |
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Definition
| changes in kind that make individuas fundamentally different than they were before |
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Definition
| incremental change in degree without sudden ransformations |
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Definition
| the immediate settings (including role relationship and activities) that the person actually encounters |
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Definition
| the interconnections among an individual's immediate settings or microsystems |
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Definition
| social systems that children and adolescents do not directly experience but that may nevertheless influence their development |
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Definition
| the larger cultural or subcultural context in which development occurs |
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Definition
| Developmental changes that characterize most or all members of a species' typical patterns of development |
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Term
| Idiographic Developmental Theory |
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Definition
| individual variations in the rate, extent, or direction of development |
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Term
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Definition
| An overreaching set of assumptions and explanations which helps guide a research |
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Definition
| A theoretical prediction about some aspect of experience; a testable prediction |
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Definition
permits only one direction
-"Breast-fed infants will have fewer ear infections than formula-fed infants" |
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Definition
permits either direction
-"Breast-fed infants will differ from formula-fed infants on frequency of ear infections" |
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Definition
| Measurable behaviors used, for the purposes of that experiment, to define some concept/variable |
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Definition
| group of people in an area |
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Definition
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Definition
| taking a subset of subjects that is representative of the entire population |
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Definition
| everyone has an equal chance of getting chosen |
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Definition
| Basically observational study, it cannot infer cause-effect and it cannot validate cause and effect and there is no manipulation of variables |
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Definition
| a method in which the scientist test hypotheses by observing people as they engage in everyday activities in their natural habitats |
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Definition
| a research method in which the investigator gathers extensive information about the life of an individual and then tests developmental hypotheses by analyzing the events of the person's life history |
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Definition
| set of questions asked verbally or written, normally used with older children |
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Definition
| a type of research design that indicates the strength of associations among variables' though correlated variables are systematically related, these relationships are not necessarily casual |
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Term
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Definition
| a numerical index, ranging from -1.00 to +1.00, of the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables |
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Term
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Definition
a number indicates strength of relationship
0.00 - 0.29 weak relationship
0.30 - 0.69 moderate
0.70 - 1.00 strong relationship |
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Term
| Direction of relationship |
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Definition
Sign indicates direction of relationship
positive means high X, high Y, etc
negative means low X, high Y, and vice versa |
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Term
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Definition
| a research design in which the investigator introduces some change in the participant's environment and then measures the effect of the change on participant's behavior |
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Term
| Cause - Effect relationship |
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Definition
| one variable caused change in another variable |
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Term
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Definition
| the aspect of the environment that an experimenter modifies or manipulates in order to measure its impact on behavior |
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Definition
| the aspect of behavior that is measured in an experiment and assumed to be under the control of the independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| any traits, variables that an individual brings to the experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| some factor other than the independent variable that, if not controlled by experimenter, could explain any difference across treatment conditions in participants' performance on the dependent variable |
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Definition
| comparing one group to another |
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Term
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Definition
| steps taken by an experimenter to ensure that all extraneous factors that could influence the dependent variable are roughly equivalent in each experimental condition, these precautions must be taken before an experimenter can be reasonably certain that observed changes in the dependent variable were caused by the manipulation on the independent variable |
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Term
| Unbiased/random assignment |
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Definition
| a control technique in which participants are assigned to experimental conditions through an unbiased procedure so that the members of the group are not systematically different form one another |
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Definition
| all subjects receive all conditions; all participants receive all treatment |
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Definition
| change order to have more accurate results |
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Term
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Definition
| an experiment that takes place in naturalistic settings, such as home, school or a playground |
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Term
| Quasi-experimental research |
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Definition
| a study in which the investigator measures the impact of some naturally occurring event is assumed to affect people's lives |
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Term
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Definition
| a research design in which one group of subjects is studied repeatedly over a period of months or years |
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Term
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Definition
| a research in which subjects from different age groups are studied at the same point in time |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people of the same age who are exposed to similar cultural environments and historical events as they are growing up |
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Term
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Definition
| a research design in which subjects from different age groups are studied repeatedly over a period of months of years |
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Term
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Definition
| a threadlike structure made up of genes; in humans there are 46 chromosomes in the nucleus of each body cells |
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Term
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Definition
| heredity blueprints for development that are transmitted unchanged from generation to generation |
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Term
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Definition
| deoxyribonucleic acid; long, double-stranded molecules that make up chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of three units: base, sugar (monosacchride) and phosphate; bases are found in both DNA and RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| alternative forms of genes that can appear at a particular site on a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| an organized profile of a person's chromosomes. They are arranged and numbered by size, from largest to smallest |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes and then divides into two genetically identical daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a germ cell divides, producing gametes (sperm or ova) that each contain half of the parent cell's original complement of chromosomes; in humans, the products of meiosis contain 23 chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which genetic material is exchanged between pairs on chromosomes during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| having inherited two alleles for an attribute that are identical in their effects |
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Term
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Definition
| having inherited two alleles for an attribute that have different effects |
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Term
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Definition
| the 22 pairs of human chromosomes that are identical in males and females |
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Term
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Definition
| either of a pair of chromosomes, usually designated X or Y, in the germ cells that combine to determine the sex and sex-linked characteristics of an individual, with XX resulting in a female and XY in a male |
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Term
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Definition
| reproductive cells that unite during sexual reproduction to orm a new cell called zygote; sperm and ova (cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively powerful gene that is expressed phenotypically and masks the effects of a less powerful gene |
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Term
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Definition
| a less powerful gene that is not expressed phenotypically when paired with a dominant allele |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition in which two heterozygous but equally powerful alleles produce a phenotype in which both genes are fully and equally expressed |
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Term
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Definition
| a characteristic that is influenced by the action of many genes rather than a single pair |
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Term
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Definition
| the ways in which a person's genotype is expressed in observable or measurable characteristic (ex. eye color). Physical representation of the genotype |
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Term
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Definition
| the genetic endowment that an individual inherits |
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Term
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Definition
| phenylketonuria (12) inability to break down amino acid called phenylalanine |
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Term
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Definition
| lack enzyme to break down simple glucose compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosome 7 extra absorption of water and salt in cells |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic disorder resulting in multiplication of part of genetic code resulting in pinched long leg on the X-chromosome (genetic malformation) |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosome abnormally in chromosome 21, usually having an extra copy (trisomy 21) causing intellectual impairment and physical abnormalities including short stature, and a broad facial profile |
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Term
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Definition
| (Trisomy 18) Severe mental retardation; elfin facial features (smal nose and mouth, receding chin, abnormal ears); hearing loss; seizures; hypoglycemia. Predominantly in females |
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Term
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Definition
| (Trisomy 12) cleft lip and palate; congenital heart defects; polydactyl; severe mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
| (Missing short arm of chromosome 5) Catlike cry; microencephaly; congenital heart disease; severe mental retardation; may be missing kidney's; sensitivity to loud noises; low birth weight; partial webbing of fingers or toes |
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Term
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Definition
| the older a woman gets the more complications arise when trying to have children; after 27 the chance of getting pregnant starts to decline |
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Term
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Definition
| sex chromosome disorder in women that only have one X chromosome causing developmental abnormalities and infertility |
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Term
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Definition
| extra chromosome (XXY) absence of developmental of male secondary sex characteristics (facial hair, deepening of voice, increased muscle structure) at puberty; underdeveloped testes and sterile, female like fat distribution, and potential breast development at puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| usually 15th to 16th weeks of pregnancy, maternal blood test that tells you the probability that you are carrying a child with chromosomal abnormality specifically down syndrome, trisomy 18, and spinal bifida |
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Term
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Definition
| a major plasma protein produced in yolk sac and liver during pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| form of estrogen (uE3; protein from placenta and fetal liver) |
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Term
| hCG (human chlorionic gonadotropin |
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Definition
| produced during pregnancy by cells that produce placenta, which nourishes the egg it has been fertilized and becomes attached to the uterine wall |
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Term
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Definition
| produced form placenta, helps develop sex organs |
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Term
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Definition
| method of detecting gross physical abnormalities by scanning one womb with sound waves, thereby producing a visual outline of the fetus |
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Term
| Chorionic villa sampling (CVS) |
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Definition
| an alternative to aminocentesis in which fetal cells are extracted from the chorion for prenatal tests |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of extracting amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman so that fetal body cells within the fluid can be tested for chromosomal abnormalities and other genetic defects |
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Term
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone |
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Definition
| released by anterior pituitary glands, in women it stimulates production of eggs and a hormone called estradiol during the first half of the menstrual cycle (ovulation) |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by the pituitary gland, helps regulate menstrual cycle and egg production |
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Term
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Definition
| transport eggs from ovary to uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| methods used to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means |
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Term
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Definition
| encourage extra production of eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| sperm is injected in uterus |
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Term
| GIFT gamete intrafallopian transfer |
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Definition
| eggs harvested and sperm inserted into fallopian tubes directly; higher implantation rate 40-50% |
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Term
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Definition
| the eggs are harvested from the mother or a donor, then fertilized in petri dish |
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Term
| ZIFT (Zygote intra-fallopian transfer) |
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Definition
| a technique that fertilizes egg in lab dish and hen inserting zygote into fallopian tube for normal implantation |
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Term
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Definition
| the moment of fertilization, when a sperm penetrates an ovum, forming a zygote |
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Term
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Definition
use to treat hot flashes in women who are expecting, or for women who don't produce enough estrogen
-increases uterine blood flow
-regulates the production of progesterone by placenta
-it makes placenta grow and function properly
-prepares a pregnant woman for the lactation period |
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Term
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Definition
used as a part of hormone replacement therapy in women who have passed menopause and have not had a hysterectomy (surgery to remove the uterus)
-it functions to inhibit the smooth muscle in the uterus from contracting and decreases prostaglandin formation, both of which allow the fetus to grow with the expanding uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st two weeks after conception |
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Term
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Definition
| solid ball of cells that have divided and duplicated into 16 cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum and from which a blastula is formed |
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Term
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Definition
| name given to the ball of cells formed when the fertilized egg begins to divide |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-8 weeks after conception |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| cell differentiation/organogenesis |
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Definition
| happens during the embrionic stage which is a critical period because its the beginning of the birth of the organs who start to perform a specific action |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 weeks after conception, the primitive spinal cord that develops from the ectoderm and becomes the central nervous system. (when this doesn't close completely, it causes spinal bifida) |
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Term
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Definition
| the membrane that becomes attached to the uterine tissues to gather nourishment for the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| a watertight sac that fills with fluid from the pregnant woman's tissues. Serving to regulate its temperature and to cushion it against injuries |
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Term
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Definition
| an organ, formed fromt the lining of the uterus and the chorion that provides for respiration and nourishment to the unborn child and the elimination of its metabolic wastes |
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Term
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Definition
gender determined at conception
-sexual organs won't develop until 4th month
-males produce androgens to form male genitalia
-females produce estrogen |
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Term
| organizing effects of hormones |
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Definition
| when sex hormones, often prenatally, influence the development, structure, and organization of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
a body of tissue present in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs
-forms the sexual differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
| paired structures in the human embryo that represent the final stage of development of he caudal end of the external genitals before sexual differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
| the fold that becomes either the vagina or penis during sexual differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
| in the absence of androgen, female genitalia will result as default (everyone starts out as female) |
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Term
| Androgen insensitivity syndrome |
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Definition
| a condition that results in the partial or complete inability of the cell to respond to androgens |
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Term
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Definition
| material that forms the myelin sheath, it is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system |
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Term
| Spina bifida/neutral tube defects |
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Definition
| a developmental disorder caused by the incomplete closing of the embryonic neural tube |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals that interfere with endocrine in animals, including humans, these disruptions can cause developmental disorders and tumors |
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Term
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Definition
| a wide range of different chemicals and environmental factors that cause human birth defects |
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Term
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Definition
| tranquilizer taken early in pregnancy produce malformations of limbs, eyes, ears, and heart of the baby |
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Term
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Definition
| risk of low birth weight (especially when taken in last trimester) increases risk of hemorrhaging late in pregnancy or during birth |
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Term
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Definition
| crosses placenta; equal concentration in fetal blood, alcohol metabolism requires oxygen, deprives fetus of oxygen; interferes with cell differentiation, migration and growth; compounded by nutritional deficits |
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Term
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Definition
| microencephaly and mental retardation; facial and ear deformities; stunted growth and low birth weight; deformed and webbed fingers and toes; heart and kidney defects; abnormal curvature of the spine; deformed sternum and ribs |
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Term
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Definition
| high intake is associated with low birth weight, prematurity, cleft palate; lower doses do increase heart rate and activity level of fetus; depletes calcium and iron (already deficient during pregnancy) |
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Term
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Definition
Reduces fertility in men and women; increases abnormal sperm; THC is fat-soluble; crosses placenta and is stored in amniotic fluid.
-can be passed on in breast milk
-previously used to speed up labor
-associated with spontaneous abortion and slow embryo growth in early stages of pregnancy
-linked to prematurity and low birth weight in later stages of pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
is a stimulant which constricts blood vessels; crosses placenta; may cause microencephaly and brain damage
-kidney and urogenital malformations
-low birth weight
-increased risk to stroke
-miscarriage
-placenta abruption |
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Term
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Definition
| high infancy mortality rate; heroin babies have a characteristic shrill cry |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal cells. an artificial form of estrogen given to women 1930-70 to prevent miscarriages (didn't work). Instead increased risk of rare vaginal cancer and cervical malformation, increased risk of testicular cancer, fertility problems for both males and females. |
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Term
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Definition
| (German measles) a disease that has effect on a pregnant woman but may cause a number of serious birth defects in developing organisms who are exposed in the first 3-4 months pf pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by parasite gondhi, in cat feces or undercooked meat; worst in tropical climates; ear, heart, eye, CNS defects, jaundice, neuromuscular abnormalities.
-Risks: miscarriage, intracranial calcification, chorioretinitis, possible link to schizophrenia later in life |
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Term
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Definition
| potential cause of anoxia, occurs between an RH- positive fetus (who has a protein called RH factor in its blood) and an RH-negative mother (who lacks the RH factor) |
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Term
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Definition
| a virus in herpes group; up to 90% of children in day cares had exposure passed on by body fluids (including breast milk); causes mono-type symptoms and swollen glands in mother |
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Term
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Definition
| risk is greatest if infant passes through birth canal in which mother has active sores; can lead to serious inflammation of brain and spinal cord (disseminated herpes), skin lesions, eye infections, enlarged liver, jaundice, breathing difficulties |
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Term
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Definition
| Exposure early in pregnancy results in brain and nerve damage, facial deformities (e.g. boxlike forehead) drug treatment during pregnancy reduces risk of transmission to fetus or infant; risk of transmission is greatest during delivery and during breast feeding |
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Term
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Definition
| all infants treated with silver nitrate drops to prevent blindness from it |
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Term
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Definition
| Early infection results in spontaneous abortion, or small-for-age infants with liver and spleen malformations; late infection leads to nerve deafness, dental and bone abnormalities, heart defects and skin lesions |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which energetic particles travel through a medium of space |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical element that is extremely toxic and can cause both chronic and acute poisoning |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of organic compounds that are involved in environmental contamination events |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotoxin; crosses placenta, increases miscarriages, exposure from foods, beverages, calcium, supplements, industrial exposure, air pollution from car exhaust, lead paint |
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Term
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Definition
| white cheesy substance that covers the fetus to protect the skin form chapping and sticking together |
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Term
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Definition
| fine hair covering the fetus's baby that helps verniz stick to the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of the fetus to survive outside the mothers uterus (around 24 weeks 44% viability) |
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Term
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Definition
the period from the start of uterine contractions to delivery
-dilation and effacement of cervix
-expulsion of fetus into birth canal
-expulsion of the placenta (afterbirth) |
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Term
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Definition
the hormone which causes the labor contractions
-"love hormone"
-used so cervix can dilate
-When labor is induced, woman is administered Pitocin |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland milk production after childbirth |
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Term
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Definition
| a lack of sufficient oxygen to the brain and may result in neurological damage or death |
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Term
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Definition
| a quick assessment of the newborn heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and reflexes that is used to gauge perinatal stress and determine whether a neonate requires immediate assistance |
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Term
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Definition
| a baby born prior to 36 weeks of pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| baby born feet or buttocks first |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of foreskin of males |
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Term
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Definition
| the unexplained death of a sleeping infant who suddenly stops breathing (also called crib death) |
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Term
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Definition
| protect against aversive stimulation and enable an infant to satisfy very badic needs |
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Term
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Definition
| move when they hear a sounds (open arms) |
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Term
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Definition
| suck thumb or anything that is put in the baby's mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| fan out toes when touched foot |
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Term
| Rooting reflex: if stroke the teeth they will tuen toward the food; if touched on the cheek, will turn in that direction and look for something to suck |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| trying to walk (increase use of muscles) babies have the reflex before 6 months old to step |
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Term
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Definition
| an infant immersed in water wil display active movements of the arms and legs and involuntarily hold his/her breath; float |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequence of physical maturation and growth that proceeds from the head (cephalic region) to the tail(caudal region) |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequence of physical growth that proceeds from the center of the body (the proximal region to the extremities) |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid increase during 5th month (prenatal) second birth to 6-months and third at puberty when girls sop around age 15.5 and guys 17.5 |
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Term
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Definition
| a description applied to children whose current weight gain is significantly below that of other children of similar age and sex |
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Term
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Definition
| a period fo accelerated growth in which children who have experienced growth deficits grow very rapidly to "catch up to" the growth trajectory that they are genetically programmed to follow |
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Term
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Definition
| if some illness or metabolic dysfunction leads to over-inflated growth, and disorder corrected, growth may stop or slow until previous trajectory reached |
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