Term
|
Definition
| Relaxation training that teaches mothers to deal & relax w/ contractions to have more control over labor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Husband-coached childbirth that is based on childbirth being as natural as possible w/out medicine & physicians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Self-hypnosis during delivery that produces a sense of peace and calmness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When women sit in a tub of water to calm the mom. Allows mother to sit however she wants while supporting her weight, and makes labor shorter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Permits partner to sit behind the mother to provide support. It allows the mother to push easier and increase oxygen/blood flow to the placenta |
|
|
Term
| Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) |
|
Definition
| Oxytocin is released by the pituitary gland that triggers the birthing process when enough is built up. |
|
|
Term
| Braxton-Hicks Contractions |
|
Definition
| After 4 months the uterus starts contracting to prepare for birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pushes the baby's head towards the cervix by the uterus opening and closing |
|
|
Term
| How long is labor typically? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contractions increase every 8-10 mins until the uterus is fully dilated. Transition happens. Contractions get to the most painful level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the cervix fully opens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Starts when the head emerges and ends when the baby fully leaves the mothers vaginal canal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The placenta & umbilical cord are expelled. This is the shortest and easiest stage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metal clamps placed around the baby's head to pull them from the birth canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plastic cup attached to a vacuum that suctions the baby's head out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A lube like cottage cheese that babies are covered in to help them get through the birthing canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dark fuzz that can be in patches on the baby |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clears the baby's lung of fluid & allows the to breathe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Baby is immediately placed in mothers arms that stimulates hormone to be released to stimulate growth & reduce mortality rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Apperance: color of the baby- jaundice
Pulse: Heart Rate
Grimace: sneezing, coughing, pulling away
Activity: muscle tone
Respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Under 5.5lbs and born prior to 38 weeks after conception |
|
|
Term
| Complications of Preterm infants |
|
Definition
| More likely to die from infections, developmental issues, lower score on intelligence tests, small in stature, slower development rate |
|
|
Term
| Very low birth weight infants |
|
Definition
| weigh less than 2 1/4 lbs and have a 50% death rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Skin-skin contact that improves temp regulation, sleep, breast feeding & alertness that helps treat very low birth weight infants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Baby's that are in the womb longer than 38 weeks |
|
|
Term
| Complications of Post-mature infants |
|
Definition
| Blood supply may become insufficient, difficult labor & birth, can cause brain damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The deep depression following the birth of a child that affects 10% of all new mothers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Innate & involuntary actions that help babies interact with their new environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Permits baby to ingest food and how to adjust sucking rate to the rate of milk flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Turning head in the direction of a source of stimulus near the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spontaneous grasp of the finger that make parents fell like they are connecting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stroke bottom of food the toes fan out & then curl back in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neck of the uterus that separates it from the vagina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an incision sometimes made during stage 2 of labor to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| restriciton of oxygen that can cause cognitive defects & mental retardation due to brain-cell death after only a few minutes |
|
|
Term
| Newborn Medical Screening |
|
Definition
| Neonates are tested for a variety of diseases from non severe to severe by a pinprick giving doctors some blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Close physical & emotional contact between parent & child during the period immediately following birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physicians who specialize in delivering babies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Child birth attendant who stays w/ mother through labor & delivery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provide parents w/ support & educate them on alternative possibilities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a signal that the body is working correctly during child birth |
|
|
Term
| Epidural anesthesia- positives |
|
Definition
| Produces numbness from the waist down |
|
|
Term
| Epidural Anesthesia- negatives |
|
Definition
| prevent mother from being able to push the child out |
|
|
Term
| Walking epidural/ dual spinal-epidural |
|
Definition
| Uses smaller needles & a system to administer continuous doses of anesthetic that allows women to move more freely w/ fewer side effects |
|
|
Term
| Small-for-gestational-age infants |
|
Definition
| Infants who weight 90% (or less) than the average newborn because of delayed fetal growth |
|
|
Term
| Causes of small-for-gestational-age infants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
|
Definition
| When low-birth weight infants have non-fully developed lungs have problems taking in enough oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Point @ which an infant can survive prematurely that medical advances has lowered |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Preterm & Low-birth weight deliveries |
|
Definition
| 1.2 are explained, immaturity of reproductive system, women who become pregnant w/in 6 months of having a child, wives of older fathers, nutrition, amount of stress, level of medical care, economic support |
|
|
Term
| Cesarean Delivery (C-Section) |
|
Definition
| A birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| device that measures the baby's heartbeat during labor that contributes to increasing rates of unnecessary c-sections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Delivery of a child who isn't alive
1/1,000 deliveries
Death can sometimes be detected before labor begins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Death w/in the first year of life
6/1,000 births
rates are declining |
|
|
Term
| Infant growth at 5 months |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
weight tripled, double in length
grow proportionately |
|
|
Term
| Principle of Growth: Cephalocaudal Principle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Principle of Growth: Proximodistal Principle |
|
Definition
| Grows center outwards: mid-line to extremities |
|
|
Term
| Principle of Growth: Hierarchical Integration Principle |
|
Definition
Simple to more complex skills
Complex build on simple skills |
|
|
Term
| Principle of Growth: Independent of Systems Principle |
|
Definition
Body systems grow at different rates
--> boobs before height in girls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If a neural connection isn't being used synapses are pruned away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase in size & become myelinated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a baby is profusely shaken so hard that the neck snaps backwards & forwards making the brain hit the sides of the cranium and tearing blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| Shaken Baby Syndrome Side Affects |
|
Definition
| Cognitive development, low language development, impacts fine motor skills, broken neck, death |
|
|
Term
| Cross-Cultural Differences |
|
Definition
| Notable variations in the extent & manner of parental responsiveness to infant behaviors |
|
|
Term
| Western Culture's Views on Infants |
|
Definition
| Value infant independence & individuation that allows for earlier self-awareness |
|
|
Term
| Stimulation: Experience-experiment |
|
Definition
| The brain rapidly develops through ordinary experience: tummy time, language |
|
|
Term
| Stimulation: experience-dependent |
|
Definition
| additional growth of the brain though specific learning experiences |
|
|
Term
| SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) |
|
Definition
Infants suddenly stop breathing & die
1/1,000 infants
No known cure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Smoking while pregnant, low apgar scores, sleeping on ones stomach and side |
|
|
Term
| Gross Motor Development: when can infants start moving by themselves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gross Motor Skills: when can infants sit by themselves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gross Motor Skills: When can infants start to crawl? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gross Motor Skills: When can baby's start to walk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fine Motor Skills: When can baby's coordinate movements of limbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fine Motor Skills: When can baby's reach out? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fine Motor Skills: When can baby's grasp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fine Motor Skills: when can children drink from a cup? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mastery of motor skills requires an increasing complex systems of actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| improper balance of nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| practice that started in the 1940's that made it easier for mothers to keep track of their child's milk intake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gives child all essential nutrients, natural immunity to childhood diseases, and shrinks mothers uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Doesn't develop until 6 months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Make minor changes to stimulus after habituation to see if they can notice it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Babies are more sensitive to high sounds, can recognize mothers voice |
|
|
Term
| When can children discriminate their own name? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are children able to discriminate languages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Smell is well developed in infants
Can recognize mothers smell 12-18 days old |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most highly developed sense in infants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| greenish-black material that neonates are expelled as poop that are remnants from it's days as a fetus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the liver of a neonate isn't working properly their eyes & skin develop a yellow tinge |
|
|
Term
| Why the travel through the birth canal is important |
|
Definition
| Puts them in a state of heightened sensory awareness that helps them adapt to new environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infants become quiet, attentive & experience a slowed heart rate as they take in the stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Different degrees of sleep & wakefulness ranging from deep sleep to great agitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4 universe stages from birth-adolescense that are determined by appropriate physical maturation & exposure to experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Organized patterns of functioning
1st schemes are sensorimotor activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use current schemes to interpret the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| create new schemes or adjust old schemes because the old schemes aren't capturing the entire use of the new things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Takes place internally and don't need to be exposed to objects to organize |
|
|
Term
| Piaget Sensorimotor Stage |
|
Definition
| 1st stage of development of cognition from Birth - 2 years of age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not all children experience things at the same time, mix of continuous & stage development |
|
|
Term
| Sensorimotor Stage: Substage 1- simple reflexes |
|
Definition
first month of life
schemes begin
accomodation begins: hot it sucks on a nipple vs bottle
basic reflexes |
|
|
Term
| Sensorimotor Stage: Substage 2- First Habits & Primary Circular Reactions |
|
Definition
1-4 months
infants starts to combine movements: grasp an object & then suck on it
Thumb sucking |
|
|
Term
| Substage 2: Circular Reaction |
|
Definition
| Repetition of chance experiences that lead to new schemes |
|
|
Term
| Sensorimotor Stage: Substage 3- Secondary Circular Reactants |
|
Definition
occurs between 4-8 months
object orientated vs. self oriented
vocalization: make noise to receive attention
act upon outside world |
|
|
Term
| Sensorimotor Stage: Substage 4- coordination of secondary circular reactions |
|
Definition
original schemes --> complex schemes
8-12 months
goal directed behavior
not viewed not there
-peek-a-boo
coordinating schemes
problem solving behavior |
|
|
Term
| Substage 4: Object Permanence |
|
Definition
| Knowing somethings there even when its out of sight |
|
|
Term
| Substage 4: A-not-B Search Error |
|
Definition
| When someone hides an object in the A sport they find it. If someone hides an object in a B spot they will look in the A spot expecting to see the object |
|
|
Term
| Sensorimotor Stage: Substage 5- Circular Reactions |
|
Definition
12-18 months
carry out mini experiments to observe the consequences
more advanced understanding of onject permanence
flexible action patterns
intrest in the unexpected |
|
|
Term
| Sensorimotor Stage: Substage 6- Beginnings of Thoughts |
|
Definition
18 months-2 years
capacity for mental representations & symbolic thought develop
can imagine where objects might be
can plot pathways of objects |
|
|
Term
| Behaviorist Perspective of Language |
|
Definition
operant conditioning
imitation
reinforcement
supporting language development but don't fully explain it |
|
|
Term
| Nativist Approach to language |
|
Definition
Innate ability
Universal grammar
specialized language area in the brain |
|
|
Term
| Interactionist Perspective |
|
Definition
| Cognitive capacities & environmental influences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does babbling happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the child attends to the same object or even as the caregiver |
|
|
Term
| Positives of Joint Attention |
|
Definition
| Produce more meaningful words & gestures |
|
|
Term
| When do babies say their first word? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do babies say their first sentences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small gaps between neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nerves & connections that aren't needed or used eventually die off |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Upper Layer of the brain that is responsible for higher-order processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Repetitive cyclical patterns of behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The degree of awareness an infant displays to both internal & external stimulations |
|
|
Term
| Why do babies lack strength for motor development right away? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes a baby who is face down in a body for water paddle & kick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protects the eye from too much direct sunlight which could damage the retina |
|
|
Term
| why is structured exercise bad for infants? |
|
Definition
| cause muscle strains, fractured bones, & dislocated limbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represent the average performance of a large sample of children |
|
|
Term
| Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale |
|
Definition
| A measure designed to determine infants neurological & behavioral responses to their environment that is given immediately after birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gradual stopping of breast/bottle feeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease where infants stop growing and results in death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease in older children where their stomach, limbs, and face swell with water due to lack of nutrition (Africa) |
|
|
Term
| Non-organic failure to thrive |
|
Definition
| A disorder where infants stop growing die to lack of stimulation & attention from poor parenting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weight 20% above the average that overfeeding could lead to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physical Stimulation of the sensory organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the mental processes of sorting out, interpreting, analyzing, & integrating stimuli from sensory organs & the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The characteristics that make infants unique |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total of the enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another that begins in infancy |
|
|
Term
| Erkison's theory of Psychosocial Development |
|
Definition
| how individuals understand themselves and make meaning of theirs and others actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
birth-18 months
infants whose needs are met develop trust & internalize feelings that build confidence, enables them to explore, and get ready to become a toddler |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
18 months - 3 years
children develop independence & autonomy or feel shame & self-doubt depending if parents encourage exploration or restrict & overprotect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Universal
Promote survival
Happiness
Anger/Sadness
Fear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
seeking emotional information from a trusted person
use signals to evaluate their surrounding |
|
|
Term
| Do infants know who they are? |
|
Definition
we aren't born w/ the knowledge that we exist independently from others & the larger world self-awareness
Begins to develop @ 12 months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Forming Social Bonds
Most important form of social development that occurs during infancy
Emotional bond that develops between a child & a particular individual |
|
|
Term
| Freud's theory attachment |
|
Definition
| attatchment grew from the mothers ability to satisfy oral needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use mother as a safe base, explore when they can see her, are upset when she leaves, & go to her when she returns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Don't seek proximity to the mother & after she has left they typically don't seem distressed
needs not being met by parents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Display a combination of positive & negative reactions to their moms |
|
|
Term
| Disorganized-disoriented attachment |
|
Definition
| Show inconsistent, often contradictory behavior & may be the least securely attached of all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Differences in reactivate (arousal & emotional) and self-regulation
Child's personality
changeable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Quickness & intensity of emotional arousal, attention, & motor activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Refers to strategies that modify reactivity
self-soothing behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
40%
positive disposition
regular bodily functions
adaptable
curious
emotions moderate to low |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
10%
negative moods
slow to adapt
withdraw from novel stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
15%
inactive/calm
generally negative mood
adapt slowly
withdraw from new stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
15%
inactive/calm
generally negative mood
adapt slowly
withdraw from new stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Sociability: Infant-Infant Interaction |
|
Definition
Starts @ birth
smiling, laughing, & vocalizing while looking @ peers
9-12 months: peek-a-boo with one another & crawl-and-chase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sense of being male or female, has effects throughout life
social construct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genitalia that categorizes if someone is a boy or a girl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Male infants ted to be more active, fussier, sleep more, and more irritable than girls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
allows us to pin point the direction from which a sound is coming
infants handicapped because they have smaller heads and less time between auditory stimuli hitting each ear |
|
|
Term
| Sound localization development in infants |
|
Definition
| decreases from birth-2 months then keeps increasing |
|
|
Term
| Why do babies like sweet tastes |
|
Definition
| breast milk has a sweet taste to it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most highly developed sensory stimulation in an infant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Combining individual sensory inputs |
|
|
Term
| Multimodal approach to perception |
|
Definition
| how info is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated & coordinated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the action possibilities that a given situation or stimulus provides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symantic, meaningful arrangement of symbols that provide the base for communication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basic sounds of language that are combined to produce words & sentences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smallest unit of language that has meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rules that govern meanings of words & sentences |
|
|
Term
| Prelinguistic Communicatoin |
|
Definition
non-linguistic communications
facial expressions, gestures, imitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, whose meaning depends on the particular context in which they are used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| words no critical to the sentence are left out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overly broad use of words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| style of language use in which language is used to primarily label objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| language is used to express feelings & needs about oneself & others |
|
|
Term
| Language Development: Learning Theory Approach |
|
Definition
| theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement & conditioning |
|
|
Term
| Language-acquisition device (LAD) |
|
Definition
| neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of a language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonverbal expression of an emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smiling in response to individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| knowledge of & beliefs about how the mind works & how if affects behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infants & parents learn to communicate emotional states to one another & respond appropriately
pat-a-cake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infants & parents learn to communicate emotional states to one another & respond appropriately
pat-a-cake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infants behaviors invite further responses from caregivers which bring about further responses from the infant |
|
|
Term
| Information-Processing Approach |
|
Definition
| a model that seeks to identify the way individuals take in, use, & store info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process that info is initially recorded as usable memories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| placement of material into memories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which material in memory is located, brought to awareness, and used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree of how much attention an activity needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| require little attention to perform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activities that require a lot of attention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which info is initially recorded, stored, & retrieved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which info is initially recorded, stored, & retrieved |
|
|
Term
| how do memories become strong? |
|
Definition
| the more times a memory is retrieved the more enduring it becomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of memory of experiences that occurred prior to 3 years of age |
|
|
Term
| why are early memories susceptible to misrecollection |
|
Definition
| exposed to related but contradictory information |
|
|
Term
| when do memories of personal experience become accurate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conscious & can be recalled intentionally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memories we aren't consciously aware of, but can still perform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overall developmental score that relates to performance in motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, & personal social (feeding/dressing themselves) |
|
|
Term
| Bayley Scales of Infant Development |
|
Definition
| A measure that evaluates an infants development from 2-42 months that focuses on mental and motor abilities |
|
|
Term
| Visual-recognition memory |
|
Definition
| memory and recognition of a stimulus that has been previously seen |
|
|
