Term
|
Definition
| the scientific study of the patterns of growth, change, and stability that occur from conception through adolescence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development involving the body's physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses and the need for food, drink and sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development involving the ways that growth and change in the intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development involving the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the way in which individuals' interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of people born at around the same time in the same place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which a developing behavior or physical structure is modifiable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a specific time when organisms are particulary susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of the predetermined unfolding of genetic information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| explanations and predictions concerning the phenomena of interst, providing a framework for understanding the relationships amoung an organized set of facts or principles |
|
|
Term
| psychodynamic perspective |
|
Definition
| the approach to the study of development that states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the theory proposed by Freud that suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| according to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, si focused on a particular biological function and body part |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the approach to the study of development that encompasses changes in the understanding individuals have of their interactions with others, of others' behavior, and of themselves as members of society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the approach to the study of development that suggests that the key to understanding development are observable behavior and ouside stimuli in the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones |
|
|
Term
| social-cognitive learning theory |
|
Definition
| an approach to the study of development that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the approach to the study of development that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world |
|
|
Term
| information- processing approaches |
|
Definition
| approaches to the study of cognitive development that seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information |
|
|
Term
| cognitive neuroscience approaches |
|
Definition
| approaches to the study of cognitive development that focus on how brain processes are related to cognitive activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the perspective that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, social and physical worlds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simulaneously influence every biological organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the theory that seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| research designed to discover causal relationships between various factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studies in which researchers observe some naturally occurring behavior without intervening or making changes in the situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extensive, in-depth interviews with a pariticular individual or small group of individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| research in which a group of people chosen to represent some larger population are asked questions about their attitudes, behavior, or thinking on a given topic |
|
|
Term
| pyschophysiological methods |
|
Definition
| a research approach that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a research investigation conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| research designed specifically to test some developmental explanationa nd expand scientific knowledge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| research in which the behavior of one or more individuals is measured as the sugjects age |
|
|
Term
| cross- sectional research |
|
Definition
| research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studies in which researchers examine members of a number of different age groups at several points in time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sex cells from the mother and father that form a new cell at conception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the new cell formed by the process of fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| twins who are genetically identical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| twis who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chomosome on the 21st pair; once referred to as mongolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder produced by injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of the red blood cells in those who have it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder that produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death; there is no treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder resulting from the presence of an extra X chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the discipline that focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders |
|
|
Term
| chorionic villus sampling (CVS) |
|
Definition
| a test used to find genetic defects that involves taking samples of hairlike material that surrounds the embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characterisitcs in an individual |
|
|
Term
| multifactorial transmission |
|
Definition
| the determination of traits by a combination of genetic and encironmental factors in which a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first, shortest, stage of the prenatal period, which takes place during the first 2 weeks following conception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the period from 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stage that begins at about 8 weeks after conception and continues until birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a factor that produces a birth defect |
|
|
Term
| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
|
Definition
| a disorder caused by the pregnant mother comsuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child |
|
|
Term
| fetal alcohol effects (FAE) |
|
Definition
| a condition in which children display some, although not all, of the problems of fetal alchol syndrome due to the mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the term used for newborns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a restriction of oxygen to the baby, lasting a few minutes during the birth process, which can produce brain damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| close physical and emotional contact between parent and child during the period immediately following birth, argued by some to affect later relationship strength |
|
|
Term
| preterm infants/ premature infants |
|
Definition
| infants who are born prior to 38 weeks after conception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infants who weigh less than 2,500 grams (5 1/2 pounds) at birth |
|
|
Term
| small-for-gestational-age infants |
|
Definition
| infants who, because of delayed fetal growth, weigh 90% (or less) of the average weight of infants of the same gestational age |
|
|
Term
| very low birthweight infants |
|
Definition
| infants who weigh less than 1,250 grams (2 1/4 pounds) or have been in the womb fewer than 30 weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infants sill unborn 2 weeks after the mother's due date |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the delivery of child who is not alive, occurring in fewer than 1 delivery in 100 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| death within the first year of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different degrees of sleep and wakefulness through which newborns cycle, ranging from deep sleep to great agitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the principle that development proceeds from the cetner of the body outward |
|
|
Term
| principle of hierarchical integration |
|
Definition
| the principle that simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills |
|
|
Term
| principle of the independence of systems |
|
Definition
| the principle that different body systems grow at different rates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a specific, but limited, time, usually early in an organism's life, during which the organism is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating to some particular facet of development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior |
|
|
Term
| sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) |
|
Definition
| the unexplained death of a seemling healthy baby |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a theory of how motor skills develop and are coordinated |
|
|
Term
| Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) |
|
Definition
| a measure designed to determine infants' neurological and behavioral responses to their environment |
|
|
Term
| nonorganic failure to thrive |
|
Definition
| a disorder in which infants stop growing due to a lack of stimulation and attention as the result of inadequate parenting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the physical stimulation of the sense organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain |
|
|
Term
| mutlimodal approach to perception |
|
Definition
| the approach that considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organized pattern of sensorimotor functioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process in which people undesrtand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in respose to encounters with new stimuli or events |
|
|
Term
| sensorimotor stage (of cognitive development) |
|
Definition
| Piaget's initial major stage of cognitive development, which can be broken down into six stanges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior in which several schemes are combined and coordinated to generate a single act to solve a problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the realization that people and objects exit even when they cannot be seen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an internal image of a past event or object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an act in which a person who is no longer present is imitated by children |
|
|
Term
| information-processing approaches |
|
Definition
| the model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which information is initially recorded, stored and retrieved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the lack of memory for experiences that occured prior to 3 years of age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an overall developmental score that relates to performance in four domains: motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior and personal-social behavior |
|
|
Term
| Bayley Scales of Infant Development |
|
Definition
| a measure that evaluates an infant's development from 2 to 42 months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a style of language use in which language is used primarily to label objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a style of language use in which language is used primarily to express feelings and needs about oneself and others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the theory that a genetically determined innate mechanism directs language development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Noam Chomsky's theory that all the world's languages share a similar underlying structure |
|
|
Term
| Language- acquisition device (LAD) |
|
Definition
| a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the intentional search for information about others' feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it affects behavior |
|
|
Term
| Ainsworth Strange Situation |
|
Definition
| A sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the stength of attachment between a child and his or her mother |
|
|
Term
| Secure attachment pattern |
|
Definition
| a style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present; when she leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns |
|
|
Term
| avoidant attachment pattern |
|
Definition
| a style of attachment in which chidlren do not seek proximity to the mother; after the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns as it they are angered by her behavior |
|
|
Term
| ambivalent attachment pattern |
|
Definition
| a style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers; they show great distress when the mother leaves, but upon her return they may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her |
|
|
Term
| disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern |
|
Definition
| a style of attachment in whcih children show inconsistent, often contradictory behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her; they may be the least securely attached children of all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the model in which infants and parents learn to communicate emotional states to one another and to respond appropriately |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process in which infants' behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers, which in turn bring about further responses from the infants |
|
|
Term
| Erikson's theory of psychosocial development |
|
Definition
| the theory that considers how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others'--and their own--behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| according to Erikson, the period during which infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers |
|
|
Term
| autonomy vs shame and doubt stage |
|
Definition
| the period during which, according to Erikson, toddlers (aged 18 months to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patterns of arousal and emtionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process whereby certain functions are located more in one hemisphere of the braint hat in the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an intense physiological arousal that causes a child to awaken in a state of panic |
|
|
Term
| cycle of violence hypothesis |
|
Definition
| the theory that abuse and neglect that children suffer predispose them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children |
|
|
Term
| psychological maltreatment |
|
Definition
| harm to children's behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical functioning that is caused by parents or other caregivers who use ver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a clear preference for the use of one hand over the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| according to Piaget, the staage that lasts form ages 2 to 7 during which children's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges and the use of concepts increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organized, formal, logical mental processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| according to Piaget, the ability to use a mental symbol,a word, or an object to represent something that is not physically present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ingoring other aspects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process whereby one state is changed into another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thinking that does not take the viewpoints of others into account |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thinking that reflects preschoolers' use of primitve reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory of particular events from one's own life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they occur |
|
|
Term
| zone of proximal development (ZPD) |
|
Definition
| according to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task without assistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the support for learning and probelm solving that encourages independence and growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the combining of words and phrases to form meaningful sentences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the system of rules that determine how thoughts can be expressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spoken language that is not intended for others and is commonly used by children during the preschool years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the aspect of language relating to communicaitng effectively and appropriately with others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person |
|
|
Term
| developmentally appropriate educational practice |
|
Definition
| education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child |
|
|
Term
| psycholsocial development |
|
Definition
| according to Erikson, development that encompasses changes both in the understandings individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of others' behavior |
|
|
Term
| initiative vs guilt stage |
|
Definition
| accoring to Erikson, the period during which children aged 3 to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person's identity or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual |
|
|
Term
| collectivistic orientation |
|
Definition
| a philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence |
|
|
Term
| individualistic orientation |
|
Definition
| a philosophy that emphasizes personal ideneity and the uniqueness of the individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process in which children attempt to be similar to their parent of the same sex, incorportating the parent's attitudes and values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cognitive framwork that organizes information relevant to gender |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fact that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed, unchangable biological factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| play that involves simple, repetitive activites typical of 3 year olds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| action in which children simply watch others at play but do not actually participate themselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| play in which tow or more children interact by sharing or borrowing toys or materials, although they do not do the same thing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold and whose world is law; they value strict, unquestioning obedience from their children and do not tolerate expressions of disagreement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parents who are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but try to reason with their children, explaining why they should behave in a particular way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parents who show virtually no interest in their children, displaying indifferent rejecting behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the maturation of people's sense of jsutice, of what is right and wrong, and their behavior in connection with such issues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helping behavior that benefits others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process in which modeling paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intentional injury or harm to another person |
|
|
Term
| emotional self-regulation |
|
Definition
| the capability to adjst one's emtions to a desired state and level of intensity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agression motivated by a desire to obtain a concrete goal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonphysical aggression that is intended to hurt another person's psychological well-being |
|
|
