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| substance made only of one type of atom |
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| smallest part of an element |
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| positive electrical charge and is found in the nucleus of the atom |
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| electrically neutral and found in the nucleus |
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| electrically negative charged found in nucleus |
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| determined by the number of protons |
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| determined by number of protons and neutrons |
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| connection with another atom |
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| combination of atoms (usually more than one element); behaves as a single unit |
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| shells on which electrons orbit the nucleus |
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| a force or attraction between positive and negative electrical charges; keeps two or more atoms closely associated |
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| involves the loss of one or more electrons by one atom and the gain of the electrons by the other atom/atoms |
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| number of electrons on outermost level; determines electrical charge of the atom |
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| an atom or group of atoms with a charge (positive or negative) |
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| an ion with a positive charge such as Na, Ca, K and Fe |
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| an ion with a negative charge such as Cl, SO, and HCO |
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| water solution which may weaken ionic bonds |
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| ions break bonds and are now free to participate in other chemical reactions and form new bonds. HCL, for instance, must have Cl from NaCl to help in digestion |
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| chemical manufacture as described in dissociation/ionization |
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| involves sharing electrons between atoms; not weakened in aqueous solutions |
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| found in some proteins; called a disulfide bridge--a covalent bond between two atoms of sulfur |
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| part of many different molecules; does not involve sharing or exchanging electrons but results because of a property of hydrogen (positive when sharing, so attractive to negatively charged atoms nearby) |
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| bonds formed to join two or more atoms or molecules to make a new compound |
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| bonds are broken and large molecules are changed to two or more smaller ones (example is digestion of starch into glucose molecules) |
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| example is water; can dissolve substances (solutes) |
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| substance that dissolves in a solvent |
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| intracellular fluid (ICF) |
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| water within cells; about 65% of total body water |
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| extracellular fluid (ECF) |
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| about 35% of the total body water (all the rest of the water except ICF) |
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| water found in blood vessels |
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| water found in lymphatic vessels |
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| tissue fluid or interstitial fluid |
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| water found in the small spaces between cells |
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| synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor in the eye and others |
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| a build up of carbon dioxide in the blood |
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| name for energy production within cells and involves both respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) |
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| lack of oxygen reaching tissues |
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| needed by the body in small amounts |
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| substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a water solution |
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| substance that decreases the concentration of hydrogen in a water solution |
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| chemical or pair of chemicals that minimizes changes in pH by reacting with strong acids or strong bases to transform them into substances that will not drastically change the pH |
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| serve as a source of energy; contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides |
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| single-sugar compounds; simplest sugars |
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| same formula as glucose but different physical arrangements of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; liver changes these to glucose, which is used by cells in ATP |
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| five carbon sugar; not involved in energy production; components of nucleic acids |
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| part of RNA, which is necessary for protein synthesis |
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| double sugars; two monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds; examples are sucrose, lactose and maltose present in food used for energy production |
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| consist of 3-20 monosaccharides; found on outer surface of cell membranes; serve as antigens |
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| chemical markers that identify cells as "self" or "not self" to identify foreign bodies |
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| made of thousands of glucose molecules |
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| branched chains of glucose and are produced by plant cells to store energy; when split by digestive enzymes, glucose is released; used to produce ATP |
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| highly branched chain of glucose molecules, storage form for glucose; stored in liver and skeletal muscles |
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| fiber; straight chain of glucose molecules produced by plant cells as part of their cell walls; we have no enzymes to digest cellulose; promotes contractions of colon |
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| contractions of colon; moves undigested material through the colon |
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| contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (some contain phosphorus) |
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| one molecule of glycerol and one-three fatty acid molecules |
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| three fatty acids bonded to a single glycerol; present in highly processed foods, indicating fat has been added |
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| diglycerides with phosphate group in third bonding site of glycerol; not stored energy; structural components of cells such as lecithin, which is part of the cell membrane |
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| forms the myelin sheath around nerve cells and provides electrical insulation for nerve impulse transmission |
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| made of smaller subunits or building blocks called amino acids |
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| contains elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (some contain sulfur); permits the formation of disulfide bonds |
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| a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
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| speed up chemical reactions without the need for an external source of energy such as heat |
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| based on the shape of the enzyme and the shapes of the reacting molecules; matches the shapes of the substrates; temporary bonds may form between the enzyme and substrate |
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| bond formed between enzyme and substrate, creates new compound |
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| form pores and receptor sites in cell membranes; Keratin (skin and hair); collagen (tendons and ligaments) |
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| insulin (lowers blood glucose; enables cells to take in glucose), growth hormones (increase protein synthesis and cell division) |
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| enables red blood cells to carry oxygen |
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| produced by lymphocytes (WBC);label pathogens for destruction |
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| muscle structure and contraction |
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| enzyme having lost its shape and therefore unable to act as a catalyst |
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