Term
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Definition
| one half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element when they are joined |
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Term
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Definition
| poor conductors of heat and electricity |
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Term
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Definition
| when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic # there is periodic repetition of physical and chemical properties |
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Term
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Definition
| elements found in group 7A |
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Term
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Definition
| elements with s and d orbitals of the highest occupied energy level containing electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| ion with a positive charge |
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Term
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Definition
| energy required to remove an electron from an atom |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of an atom of an element to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an ionic compound that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of two elements and can be either ionic or molecular |
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Term
| law of definite proportions |
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Definition
| in samples of any chemical compound, masses of elements are always in same proportions |
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Term
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Definition
| compound that contains one or more hydrogen atoms and produces hydrogen ions when dissolved in water |
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Term
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Definition
| ions composed of more than one atom |
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Term
| law of multiple proportions |
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Definition
| whenever the same two elements form more tahn one compound, the different masses of one element that combine with the same mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole #'s |
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Term
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Definition
| ions consisting of a single atom |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that has a mass and occupies space |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| applies science to the production of biological products or processes |
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Term
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Definition
| material found in air, water, or soul that is harmful to humans etc |
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Term
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Definition
| scientific approach to the solution of a scientific problem |
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Term
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Definition
| using your senses to obtain info |
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Term
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Definition
| procedure that is used to test a hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| variable that you change during experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| variable that is observed during the experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| well-tested explanation for a broad range of observations |
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Term
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Definition
| concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of the amount of matter the object contains |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of space occupied by the object |
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Term
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Definition
| property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample |
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Term
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Definition
| property that depends on the type of matter in a sample not amount of matter |
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Term
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Definition
| matter with uniform and definite composition |
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Term
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Definition
| quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition |
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Term
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Definition
| definite shape definite volume not easily compresed |
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Term
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Definition
| indefinite shape definite volume not easily compressed |
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Term
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Definition
| indefinite shape indefinite volume easily compressed |
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Term
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Definition
| some properties of material change, but the composition of the material does not change |
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Term
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Definition
| physical blend of two or more components |
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Term
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Definition
| mixture where composition is not uniform throughout |
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Term
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Definition
| compostition is uniform throughout |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties |
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Term
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Definition
| process separating solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture |
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Term
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Definition
| liquid boiled to produce vapor then condenced to for a liquid |
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Term
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Definition
| simplist form of matter that has a unique set of properties |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed porportion |
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Term
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Definition
| change that produces matter of a dif composition than the one before |
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Term
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Definition
| one or two lettered symbol |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change |
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Term
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Definition
| substance produced in the reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| substance present at the start of the reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| one of more substances change into one or more new substances |
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Term
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Definition
| sold that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture |
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Term
| law of conservation of mass |
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Definition
| states that in any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is conserved. Mass is neither created nor distroyed |
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Term
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Definition
| quantity that has both a # and a unit |
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Term
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Definition
given # is written as the product of two numbers
ex) 6.02 X 10^23 |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of how close a measurement comes to the actual or true value of whatever is measured |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another |
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Term
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Definition
| correct value based on reliable references |
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Term
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Definition
| value measured in the lab |
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Term
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Definition
| difference between experimental value and accepted value |
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Term
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Definition
absolute value of the error divided by the accepted value, multiplies by 100%
ex) percent error= |error|/accepted value X 100% |
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Term
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Definition
| include all digits that are known, plus last digit that is estimated |
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Term
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Definition
| revised version of the metric system |
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Term
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Definition
| force that measures the pull on a given mass by gravity |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of how hot or cold an object is |
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Term
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Definition
| sets the freezing point of water to zero and boiling point to 100 |
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Term
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Definition
| freezing point 273.15 K boililng 373.15 K |
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Term
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Definition
| zero point on the Kelvin scale -273.15 degrees celsius |
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Term
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Definition
| capacity to do work or to produce heat |
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Term
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Definition
SI unit of energy
1 J=0.2390 cal
1cal= 4.184 J |
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Term
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Definition
| quantity of heat that raises the temp of 1 g of pure water by 1 degree celsius |
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Term
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Definition
| ratio of equivalent measurements |
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Term
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Definition
| way to analyze and solve problems using units, or dimensions, of the measurements |
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Term
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Definition
ratio of mass of an object to its volume
ex) D=M/V |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| negatively charged subatomic particles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| positively charged subatomic particles |
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Term
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Definition
| subatomic particles with no charge but with a mass nearly equal to that of a proton |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny central core of an atom and is composed of protons and neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| # of protons in the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| total # of protons and neutrons in atom |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| atoms that have the same# of protons but different # of neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| defined as 1/12th of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. |
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Term
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Definition
| weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of the element. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fixed energies electron can have |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of energy required to move an electron from one energy lever to another |
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Term
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Definition
| often thought of as a region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron |
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Term
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Definition
| electrons arranged in various orbitals around the nuclei of atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first |
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Term
| pauli exclusion principle |
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Definition
| atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy in a way that makes the # of electrons with the same spin direction as large as possible |
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Term
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Definition
| wave's height from zero to the crest |
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Term
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Definition
| distance between the crests |
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Term
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Definition
| v;# of wave cycles to pass a given point per unit of time |
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Term
| electromagnetic radiation |
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Definition
| includes radio waves, microwaves, light etc |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| frequencies of light emitted by electron |
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Term
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Definition
| electron has lowest possible energy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| heisenberg uncertainty principle |
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Definition
| it is impossible to know exactly both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic #, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties |
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Term
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Definition
| good conductors of heat and electric currents |
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Term
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Definition
| generally has properties that are similar to those of metals and nonmetals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| display a wide range of physical and chemical properties |
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Term
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Definition
| highest occupied s sublevel and a nearby f sublevel generally contain electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| highest occupied s and d sublevel contain electrons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| are the electrons in the highest occupied energy level |
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Term
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Definition
| diagrams that show valence electron dots |
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Term
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Definition
| in forming compounds atoms tend to achieve the electron configuration of a noble gas |
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Term
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Definition
| ions produced when atoms of chlorine and other halogens gain electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds composed of cations and anions |
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Term
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Definition
| electrostatic forces that hold ions together in ionice compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| shows the kinds and #'s of atoms in the smalles representative unit of a substance |
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Term
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Definition
| lowest whole number ration of ions in an ionic compound |
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Term
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Definition
| # of ions of opposite charge that surround the ion in a crystal |
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Term
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Definition
| consist of the attraction of free-floating valence electrons for the positively charged metal ions |
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Term
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Definition
| mixtures composed of two or more elements at least one of which is a metal |
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Term
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Definition
| atoms held together by sharing electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| molecule consisting of 2 oxygen atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| compound composed of molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical formula of a molecular compound |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 atoms held together by sharing a pair of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| represents the covalent bonds by dashes and shows the arrangements of covalently bonded atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| pair of valence electrons that is not shared between atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| bond involving two shared pairs of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| bond formed by sharing 3 pairs of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| covalent bond in which one atom contributes both bonding electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| energy required to break the bond between two covalently bonded atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| structure that occurs when it is possible to draw two or more valid electron dot structures that have the same # of electron pairs for a molecular molecule or ion |
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Term
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Definition
| orbitals that apply to the entire molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
| orbitals that apply to the entire molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecular orbital that can be occupied by two electrons of a covalent bond |
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Term
|
Definition
| when 2 atomic orbitals combine to for a molecullar orbital that is symmetrical around the axis connecting two atomic nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| bonding electrons are most likely to be found in a sausage shaped regions above and below the bond axis of the bonded atom |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| several atomic orbitals mix to for the same total # of equivalent hybrid orbitals |
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Term
|
Definition
| bonding electrons share equally |
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Term
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Definition
| covalent bond between atoms in which the electrons are shared unequally |
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Term
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Definition
| one end of the molecule is slightly negative and the other end is slightly positive |
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Term
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Definition
| occur when polar molecules are attracted to one another |
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Term
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Definition
| the weakest of all molecular interactions, are caused by the motion of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| are attractive forces in which a hydrogen covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom is also weakly bonded to an unshared electron pair of another electronegative atom |
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Term
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Definition
| solids in which all the atoms are covalently bonded to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of 2 elements and can be either ionic or molecular |
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Term
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Definition
| representative particles measuring the amount of a substance |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the species present in a substance |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| percent by which mass of each element in the compound |
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Term
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Definition
| gives the lowest whole-number ratio of atoms of the elements in a compound |
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Term
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Definition
| representation of a chemical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical equation that does not indicate the relative amounts of the reactants and products |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small whole numbers placed in front of |
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Term
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Definition
| each side of the equation has the same # of atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical change in which two or more substances react to form a single new substance |
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Term
| single replacement reaction |
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Definition
| chemical change in which one element replaces a second element in a compound |
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Term
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Definition
| lists metals of decreasing reactivity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| equation that shows dissolved ionic compounds as dissociated free ions |
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Term
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Definition
| ion appears on both sides |
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Definition
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