Term
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Definition
| (# Occupational Injuries/Ilnesses or Lost Workdays)/(Full Time Employees (200,000 HRS Exposure) ) |
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Term
| FAR (Fatal Accident Rate) |
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Definition
| (# Fatalities)/(〖10〗^8 HRS) |
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Term
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Definition
| o Requires review and authorization on proposed changes prior to implementation to ensure no unforeseen hazards are introduced. All pertinent documentation including worker training must be kept up to date should any changes be implemented |
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Term
| IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health) |
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Definition
| o The concentration that poses a threat of exposure to airborne contaminants when that exposure is likely to cause death, immediate adverse health effects, or delayed adverse health effects, or prevent escape from such an environment. Implies a 30-minute max exposure time. |
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Term
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Definition
| An agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| Toxins that are damaging or destructive to liver cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Toxins that are damaging or destructive to the kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that damages the skin and/or mucous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| Toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Time-Period between exposure and the effects from the exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| An agent that causes genetic mutation or chromosomal damage |
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Term
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Definition
| Toxins that destroy red blood cells, disrupt blood clotting, and/or cause organ degeneration |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance that damages the lungs |
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Term
| FVC (Forced Vital Capacity) |
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Definition
| Total volume exhaled - used to measure toxins and diagnose respiratory problems |
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Term
| BI (Business Interruption) |
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Definition
| BI = Lost Profit + Fixed Cost |
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Term
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Definition
| Explosion, Fire, Injury etc |
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Term
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Definition
| Situation in which the concerns or aims of two different parties are incompatible |
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Term
| Which AIChE Code of Ethics overlap with Process Safety? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public and protect the environment in performance of their professional duties |
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Term
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Definition
| Issue statements or present information only in an objective and truthful manner |
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Term
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Definition
| Act in professional manners for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, avoiding conflicts of interest and never breaching confidentiality |
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Term
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Definition
| Perform professional Services only in areas of their competence |
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Term
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Definition
| Continue their professional development throughout their careers, and provide opportunities for the professional development of those under their supervision |
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Term
| Example Breaking AIChE Code of Ethics (1) |
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Definition
Flixborough
Bhopal, India
Seveso, Italy |
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Term
| Example Breaking AIChE Code of Ethics (4) |
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Definition
| Seveso, Italy - Showed poor communication with authorities |
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Term
| Example Breaking AIChE Code of Ethics (5) |
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Definition
| Morton Thiokol - Recommended launching to accommodate NASA Challenger launch |
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Term
| Example Breaking AIChE Code of Ethics (7) |
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Definition
| Flixborough - Had modifications by unskilled workers |
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Term
| Example Breaking AIChE Code of Ethics (9) |
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Definition
| Jacksonville, FL - Company owners with chemistry/chemical engineering degrees ignored hazards |
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Term
| What are the four pillars of Risk Based Process Safety? |
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Definition
1. Commit to Process Safety
2. Understand Hazards and Risk
3. Manage Risk
4. Learn from Experience |
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Term
| What elements are within the "Commit to Process Safety" pillar? |
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Definition
1. Process Safety Culture
2. Compliance with Standards
3. Process Safety Competency
4. Workforce Involvement
5. Stakeholder Outreach |
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Term
| What elements are within the "Understand Hazards and Risk" pillar? |
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Definition
1. Process Knowledge Management
2. Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis |
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Term
| What elements are in the "Manage Risk" pillar? |
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Definition
1. Operating Procedures
2. Safe Work Practices
3. Asset Integrity and Reliability
4. Contractor Management
5. Training and Performance of Change
6. Management of Change
7. Operational Readiness
8. Conduct of Operations
9. Emergency Management |
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Term
| What elements are in the "Learn from Experience" pillar? |
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Definition
1. Incident Investigation
2. Measurement and Metrics
3. Auditing
4. Management Review and Continuous Improvement |
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Term
| Example of how culture affects the behavior of an individual or organization. |
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Definition
| Costa Concordia - Unsafe directions were given by the captain to the crew to save time and the culture of not questioning the person in command led to the ship wrecking into rocks, killing 32 and partially sinking the ship. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peer Pressure leads the individual to go along with the opinion of the majority |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to believe the most attractive person will be the most successful |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to prefer people who are more similar to ourselves |
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Term
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Definition
| We see one great thing about a person, which affects our opinions of everything else about them |
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Term
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Definition
| We see one bad thing about a person and it sticks |
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Term
| Difference between FAR and Fatality Rate |
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Definition
| ○ The main difference between the two is that the FAR depends on number of exposed hours while the fatality rate is independent of number of hours worked. The basis for FAR is 108 hours total time worked, and the basis for fatality rate is the calendar year and population |
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Term
| Case Study that stresses Importance of Timeliness of Communication |
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Definition
| Seveso, Italy - A TCDD reactor went out of control and released TCDD into the air, it was then washed by rain into the soil where approximately 10 square miles were contaminated. Due to poor communication with the local authorities, civilians were not evacuated from the area for several days, resulting in a higher amount of individuals affected by the TCDD |
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Term
| Examples where addition of safeguards decreased the overall safety of the system |
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Definition
Port Wentworth, Georgia: recently installed steel cover panel on a belt conveyor allowed explosive concentrations of sugar dust to accumulate inside the enclosure.
ValuJet Crash: passenger flight was carrying oxygen in the cargo bay, faulty paperwork (which was meant to be an additional safeguard) resulted in improper storage of the containers, plane caught on fire and killed all persons on board the flight |
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Term
| What are the 4 categories of inherently safer design techniques? |
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Definition
1. Minimize
2. Moderate
3. Substitute
4. Simplify |
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Term
| Define Minimize with respect to inherently safer design |
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Definition
| Reducing hazards by using smaller quantities of hazardous substances in reactors, distillation columns, storage vessels and pipelines |
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Term
| Define Moderate with respect to inherently safer design |
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Definition
| use hazardous material under less hazardous conditions --- example: handle larger particle size solids to minimize dust |
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Term
| Define Substitute with respect to inherently safer design |
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Definition
| safer materials should be used in place of hazardous ones |
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Term
| Define Simplify with respect to inherently safer design |
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Definition
| reduce the opportunities for errors and misoperation --- example: piping designed to minimize leaks/failures |
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Term
| Example of when a design change led to unintended consequences |
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Definition
| Flixborough, England - reactor in series was replaced by a bypass constructed from left over piping which put unnecessary stress on the bellows which cracked and leaked flammable vapors. |
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Term
| Example of when economic issues affected a situation (for good or bad). |
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Definition
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Term
| Example where practices that used to be acceptable are no longer acceptable |
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Definition
| Flixborough, England - They drew the plans on the process room floor |
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Term
| In terms of Process Safety, what does "ED" stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
| In terms of Process Safety, what does "TD" stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
| In terms of Process Safety, what does "LD" stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
| In terms of Process Safety, what does "LD50" stand for? |
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Definition
| Lethal dose for 50% of animal subjects tested |
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Term
| What are the 4 pathways toxins can enter the body? |
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Definition
Ingestion
Inhalation
Injection
Dermal Absorption |
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